FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH 


BY 
JOHN  P.  McNICHOLS,  S.J. 


NEW  YORK 

SCHWAKTZ,  KIRWIN  &  FAUSS 
42  Barclay  Strret 


First  Edition,  printed  December,  1908 
Reprinted  September,  1909;   May,  1910;  August,  1910; 
July,  1911;  October,  1911;  August,  1912;  July,  1913 


Copyright,  1908, 
By  SCHWARTZ,  KIRWIN  &  FAUSS 

Entered  at  Stationers^  Hall 


J.  J.  Little  &  Ives  Co. 
New  York 


PKEFACE 

As  the  end  of  this  work  is  to  lay  the  foundations  of  success 
in  English  Composition,  its  purpose  is  expressed  fairly  well 
by  its  very  title,  ''Fundamental  English.''  This  purpose 
and  the  method  to  be  followed  in  attaining  it  are  explained 
at  length  in  the  Preface  to  the  ''Teachers'  Handbook"  which 
is  intended  to  accompany  the  present  volume,  and  which 
will  be  issued  to  teachers  only.  Here,  it  is  perhaps  enough 
to  say  that  we  will  attempt  to  attain  our  object  by  proposing 
a  systematic  course  in  sentence-building,  a  sane  method  of 
reproduction,  and  a  simple  scheme  for  teaching  original 
composition. 

We  realize  that  sentence-building  should  not  be  begun 
before  sentence-analysis  has  been  studied.  Accordingly,  we 
have  prefaced  the  exercises  in  sentence-building  with  a  simple 
explanation  of  analysis,  as  well  as  with  numerous  examples 
of  the  various  kinds  of  sentences  required  for  its  study. 

The  selections  to  be  used  in  reproduction,  and  an  explana- 
tion of  their  use,  appear  in  the  "Teachers'  Handbook,"  while 
in  the  Fourth  Part  of  the  present  volume  are  given  synopses  of 
these  selections,  intended  for  the  use  of  pupils. 

The  scheme  for  original  composition,  together  with  selec- 
tions necessary  for  it,  will  be  found  in  the  Second  Part  of  the 
"Teachers'  Handbook." 

3 

465122 


4  PREFACE 

At  the  suggestion  of  several  teachers  we  have  inserted  as  an 
appendix  to  this,  the  pupils^  book,  a  collection  of  what  we 
consider  the  essential  rules  of  Syntax,  our  object  being  to 
make  it  possible  to  eliminate  any  formal  work  on  grammar  in 
classes  where  "Fundamental  EngHsh''  is  used. 

"Fundamental  English''  is  not  an  experiment.  In  its 
manuscript  form  it  has  been  used  in  the  class-room,  and  has 
been  found  practical.  With  the  exception  of  the  Second 
Part  of  the  "Teachers'  Handbook"  (which  is  from  the  notes 
of  a  Jesuit  Father,  and  which  is  something  new  in  this  line), 
the  work  lays  no  claim  to  originality;  if  it  has  any  merit,  it  is 
only  this — it  is  systematic. 

The  author  wishes  to  acknowledge  the  help  he  has  received 
in  the  preparation  of  "Fundamental  English"  from  many 
among  his  Jesuit  fellow-teachers.  He  is  also  indebted  for 
assistance  to  many  among  his  pupils,  both  past  and  present, 
notably  to  Mr.  WilHam  L.  Reenan,  A.B.,  Mr.  John  L.  Bunker, 
A.B.,  Mr.  Charles  E.  Kiely,  A.B.,  and  Mr.  Charles  0.  Brid- 
well,  A.B. 

John  P.  McNichols,  S.J 

St.  Xavier  College, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Sept.  8, 1908. 


CONTENTS 


PAOB 

Preface    ..  3 

PART  I 
Precepts  of  Analysis 7 

PART  II 
Exercises  in  Analysis 11 

PART  III 
Sentence-Building        . 65 

PART  IV 
Synopses  of  Selections 143 


Appendix — Syntax         ...•••.•.    267 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/fundamentalengliOOmcnirich 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 
PART  I 

PRECEPTS  OF  ANALYSIS 

A  Sentence  is  a  collection  of  words  making  complete 
sense. 

Sentences  are  divided  into  four  kinds; — simple,  complex, 
compound,  compound-complex. 

A  Simple  sentence  is  one  in  which  there  is  only  one  finite 
verb,  i.  e.  only  one  verb  in  the  Indicative,  Subjunctive, 
Potential,  or  Imperative  mood.  This  one  verb  may  have 
one  or  several  subjects,  and  one  or  several  objects,  or  no 
object. 

A  Phrase  is  a  group  of  words  not  containing  a  finite  verb, 
and  serving  the  purpose  of  a  noun,  an  adjective,  or  an  adverb 
in  a  sentence. 

Phrases  are  called  substantive  or  noun  phrases,  adjective 
phrases,  and  adverbial  phrases,  according  as  they  serve  the 
purpose  of  a  noun,  an  adjective,  or  an  adverb. 

Noun  phrases  are  either  subject  phrases,  or  object  phrases, 
or  agent  phrases,  according  as  they  supply  the  place  of  a 
subject,  an  object,  or  an  agent. 

Adjective  phrases  are  subdivided  into; — 

Simple  adjective  phrases,  i.  e.  phrases  introduced  by  an 
adjective. 

7 


8'  '-'        '  '''    ^  ''FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

P'aiticJpial  adjective  phrases,  i.  e.  phrases  introduced  by  a 
participle. 

Prepositional  adjective  phrases,  i.  e.  phrases  introduced  by 
a  preposition. 

Appositional  adjective  phrases,  i.  e.  phrases  introduced  by 
a  noun  with  or  without  its  article. 

Adverbial  phrases  are  variously  introduced,  and  are  used 
to  mark  the  time,  place,  manner,  means,  cause,  purpose, 
instrument,  etc.,  of  the  idea  expressed  by  a  verb,  an  adjec- 
tive, or  another  adverb. 

Complex  and  Compound  sentences  have  at  least  two  finite 
verbs.  Each  of  these  verbs  has  a  subject  expressed  or  under- 
stood. They  may  have  the  same  object,  or  different  objects, 
or  no  object  at  all,  or  one  may  have  an  object,  and  the  other 
-have  none.  It  follows,  then,  that  since  in  every  complex  or 
•compound  sentence  there  are  two  verbs  with  their  subjects, 
there  are  in  every  complex  or  compound  sentence  at  least 
two  groups  of  words  each  containing  a  verb,  either  with 
or  without  an  object,  but  with  a  subject  expressed  or  un- 
derstood.    Each  of  these  groups  of  words  is  called  a  clause. 

A  Clause,  therefore,  is  any  group  of  words  in  a  sentence 
containing  a  finite  verb  and  its  subject,  the  latter  either 
expressed  or  understood. 

Clauses  are  of  two  kinds:  dependent,  and  independent. 

*A  Dependent  clause  is  one  that,  with  regard  to  another 


*  In  actual  use  it  has  been  found  that  this  definition  of  a  dependent 
clause  possesses  peculiar  virtues.  It  can  be  understood,  and  applied  by 
the  pupils  quite  easily.  It  has  one  difficulty.  Pupils  using  this  defini- 
tion sometimes  fall  into  the  error  of  mistaking  a  principal  clause  intro- 
duced by  an  adverb  of  time  or  place  for  a  dependent  temporal  or  local 
clause.  Thus  in  a  sentence  such  as,  "  Then  the  conqueror  burnt  his 
ships,  and  retired  into  the  interior  of  the  country'*,  pupils  mistake  the 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  9 

clause  in  the  same  sentence,  or  to  some  word  in  another 
clause  of  the  same  sentence,  performs  the  office  of  a  noun, 
an  adjective,  or  an  adverb. 

An  Independent  clause  is  one  that  does  not  fulfill  for  another 
clause  in  the  same  sentence,  or  for  some  word  in  another 
clause  of  the  same  sentence,  the  office  of  a  noun,  an  adjec- 
tive, or  an  adverb. 

A  Complex  sentence  contains  one  independent  clause,  and 
one  or  more  dependent  clauses. 

A  Compound  sentence  contains  two  or  more  independent 
clauses,  but  no  dependent  clauses. 

A  Compound-Complex  sentence  contains  at  least  two  inde- 
pendent clauses,  and  at  least  one  dependent  clause. 

Phrases  occur  in  complex,  compound,  and  compound- 
complex  sentences.  They  serve  the  same  purposes  in  the 
various  clauses  of  these  sentences  that  they  serve  in  a  simple 
sentence. 

Golden  Rules  for  Analysis. 

(1)  A  collection  of  words  containing  no  finite  verb  can  not 
be  more  than  a  phrase. 

(2)  A  collection  of  words  containing  only  one  finite  verb 
can  not  be  more  than  a  simple  sentence. 

(3)  A  collection  of  words  containing  not  more  than  two 
finite  verbs  cannot  be  more  than  a  complex  or  a  compound 
sentence. 

first  clause  for  a  temporal  clause  because  it  is  introduced  by  ''then" 
and — ^they  argue — gives  the  time  of  the  other  clause  in  the  sentence. 
This  difficulty  may  be  obviated  by  remarking  that  in  real  temporal  or 
local  dependent  clauses  the  temporal  or  local  particle  does  not  mark  the 
time  or  place  of  the  verb  of  its  own  clause,  but  that  the  whole  temporal 
clause  marks  the  time  or  place  of  another  clause. — Insist  on  the  definition, 
*'  with  regard  to  another  clause." 


10  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

(4)  A  collection  of  words  must  have  at  least  three  finite 
verbs  in  order  to  be  a  compound-complex  sentence. 

Note. — ^These  definitions  have  been  taken  from  many  sources,  as  far 
as  we  can  remember.  It  is  not  claimed  for  them  that  they  are  superior 
to  all  others.  They  have  been  found  in  actual  practice  to  be  intelligible 
to  pupils.  They  are  given  here  not  because  we  want  to  force  them  on 
pupils  who  may  be  accustomed  to  other  definitions,  but  because,  when 
we  use  the  terms  phrase,  clause,  complex,  etc.,  in  the  following  exer- 
cises, we  use  them  in  the  senses  we  have  here  defined.  It  is  for  the  sake 
of  the  following  exercises  that  we  have  gone  into  these  definitions,  and 
we  have  gone  into  them  only  in  so  far  as  the  exercises  require. 


PART   II 

EXERCISES    IN    ANALYSIS 

EXERCISE  I 

Model. — Washington  and  his  troops  crossed  the  Delaware. 

Remark. — This  is  a  simple  sentence  because  it  contains 
but  one  finite  verb. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences 
is  a  simple  sentence.     Point  out  the  verb. 

1.  The  great  monarch  died  childless. 

2.  Peter  I.  learned  the  shipbuilder's  trade. 

3.  The  rising  sun  dispersed  the  dense  fog. 

4.  The  western  sky  was  curtained  with  rosy  clouds. 

5.  The  terrible  plague  swept  away  thousands. 

6.  The  spring  floods  destroy  the  strongest  bridges. 

7.  The  snow  filled  up  the  watercourses  and  ravines. 

8.  The  Russian  navy  was  almost  completely  annihilated. 

9.  The  typhoon  littered  the  coast  with  wreckage. 

10.  Sweet  music  was  borne  along  on  the  breezes. 

11.  The  fire  quickly  spread  from  the  wharves  to  the  shipping. 

12.  The  engineer  was  scalded  to  death  by  the  escaping  steam. 

13.  The  morning  star  is  a  jewel  on  the  brow  of  Dawn. 

14.  The  march  to  Moscow  broke  the  power  of  the  French. 

15.  The  Panama  canal  will  increase  American  wealth  and  influ- 
ence. 

16.  The  sorrow-stricken  heart  is  comforted  by  a  kind  word. 

17.  In  suavity  a  merchant  has  a  passport  to  riches. 

18.  The  moss-grown  ruins  looked  sad  in  the  weak  moonlight, 

19.  The  battle-fields  of  the  Civil  War  are  sacred  ground. 

20.  The  mighty  iceberg  bore  down  the  helpless  ship. 

21.  All  creation  bespeaks  God's  goodness. 

22.  Virtue  is  its  own  reward. 

23.  Silence  has  been  called  the  language  of  great  men. 

II 


12  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

24.  The  tiny  brook  babbles  out  a  cry  to  the  sounding  sea. 

25.  In  fertile  fields  and  prosperous  cities  the  hand  of  the  conqueror 
was  seen. 

EXERCISE   II 

Model. — To  win  the  battle  under  such  circumstances  was 
great  glory  for  the  young  commander.* 

Remark. — ^^To  win  the  battle  under  such  circumstances" 
is  a  phrase  that  serves  the  purpose  of  a  noun  in  this  sen- 
tence inasmuch  as  it  is  really  the  subject  of  the  verb  ^*was". 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
a  simple  sentence,  and  point  out  the  noun  phrase. 

1.  The  young  man  refused  to  be  led  into  the  snare. 

2.  To  err  is  human. 

3.  To  wander  through  life  without  a  care  is  not  the  dream  of  an  en- 
ergetic man. 

4.  His  spirit  was  broken  by  being  sent  to  a  foreign  land. 

5.  Many  a  man  longs  to  be  honored  by  his  fellows. 

6.  To  dream  away  the  days  in  old  libraries  has  always  been  my  chief 
delight. 

7.  To  be  accounted  a  wag  pleases  some  characters. 

8.  The  General  asked  to  be  allowed  to  visit  the  hospital. 

9.  To  throw  all  the  visitors  into  hysterics  delighted  the  mischievous 
youngster. 

10.  The  chemist  desired  to  study  the  minerals  of  the  country. 

11.  To  sweep  past  admiring  throngs  with  her  courtly  cavalcade  was 
the  Duchess'  chief  delight. 

12.  To  hear  the  empty  applause  of  flatterers  is  with  some  people  the 
only  end  of  life. 

13.  Overcoming  difficulties  strengthens  character. 

*  Longer  phrases  often  contain  within  themselves  shorter  phrases.  In 
these  exercises  in  analysis,  it  will  be  well  to  have  students  first  point  out 
the  entire  phrase  qualifying  subject,  verb,  object,  or  agent.  After  the 
sentence  has  been  analyzed  to  this  extent,  the  teacher,  if  he  think  it 
profitable,  may  proceed  to  a  more  minute  examination  of  each  longer 
phrase,  subdividing  it  into  its  component  phrases,  should  it  have  such. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  13 

14.  Some  cities  have  been  bettered  by  being  burnt. 

15.  To  wade  through  blood  to  victory  seemed  to  be  the  ambition  of 
Napoleon's  life. 

EXERCISE  III* 

Model. — ^The  illustrious  general  defeated  the  enemy. 

Remark. — In  this  simple  sentence  there  is  an  adjective, 
''illustrious''.  It  is  an  adjective  because  it  expresses  the 
quality  of  a  noun,  ''general''. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
a  simple  sentence.  Point  out  any  adjectives  present,  and 
explain  why  they  are  adjectives. 

1.  The  long  war  distressed  the  poor. 

2.  The  kind  gentleman  gave  the  poor  beggar  a  generous  gift. 

3.  The  unhappy  ruler  found  no  pleasure  in  all  his  vast  wealth. 

4.  Twenty  people  rushed  forward  to  stay  the  hand  of  the  mad 
assassin. 

5.  The  gorgeous  ball-room  glittered  with  brilliant  lights. 

6.  The  sweet  breezes  from  the  evening  sea  cooled  the  fevered  brow 
of  the  sick  man. 

7.  The  fitful  light  from  the  deserted  rock  ever  and  anon  lit  up  the 
storm-swept  pass. 

8.  The  golden  sunlight  streamed  in  through  the  open  windows  of  the 
little  room. 

9.  The  snow  and  sleet  of  the  blizzard  had  blocked  up  traffic  on  all 
the  lines. 

10.  A  crew  of  fearless  lifesavers  went  to  the  rescue  of  the  distressed 
ship. 

11.  A  countless  host  of  savage  barbarians  swept  down  from  the  frozen 
North. 


*  The  four  following  exercises  are  introduced  here  at  the  suggestion  of 
teachers  who  have  found  by  actual  experience  that  it  is  very  profitable 
to  impress  on  pupils  the  function  of  a  simple  adjective  and  a  simple 
adverb  before  proceeding  to  the  exercises  on  adjective  and  adverbial 
phrases. 


14  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

12.  Columbus  and  his  companions  sailed  out  into  an  unknown 
sea. 

13.  The  blue  smoke  from  a  settler's  cabin  showed  above  the  distant 
horizon. 

14.  The  lazy  muleteers  slept  comfortably  on  their  plodding  beasts. 

15.  The  sweet  patience  of  the  cheerful  sufferer  lightened  the  labor  of 
the  watchful  nurses. 

EXERCISE  IV 

Model. — The  mists  lifted  lazily  from  the  meadows. 

Remark. — In  this  simple  sentence  there  is  an  adverb 
''lazily''.  It  is  an  adverb  because  it  expresses  the  manner 
of  the  verb ''lifted''. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
a  simple  sentence.  Point  out  in  them  any  adverbs  that 
qualify  verbs,  and  explain  how  they  qualify  the  verbs. 

1.  The  pupils  did  not  easily  forget  that  lesson. 

2.  The  daring  bandit  boldly  faced  his  accusers. 

3.  The  motorman  barely  escaped  death. 

4.  The  broncho  struggled  hard  to  escape. 

5.  One  obstinate  member  almost  destroyed  all  hope  of  peace. 

6.  A  wild  hurricane  suddenly  burst  over  the  city. 

7.  The  alarm  bells  rang  wildly  through  the  night. 

8.  A  low  moan  came  up  softly  from  the  depths  of  the  sea. 

9.  The  vast  assembly  enthusiastically  applauded  the  idea. 

10.  A  loud  laugh  grated  harshly  on  the  nerves  of  the  mourners. 

EXERCISE  V 

Model. — A  very  learned  doctor  addressed  the  congress. 

Remark. — In  this  simple  sentence  there  is  an  adverb; 
"very".  It  is  an  adverb  because  it  expresses  a  quality  of 
the  adjective  "learned". 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
a  simple  sentence.     Point  out  in  them  the  adverbs  that 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  15 

qualify  adjectives,  and  explain  how  they  qualify  the  adjec- 
tives. 

1.  The  proposition  was  not  altogether  absurd. 

2.  The  ambassador  was  exasperatingly  silent  about  his  plans. 

3.  The  verdict  was  surpassingly  just. 

4.  The  closely  packed  auditorium  was  stiflingly  close. 

5.  The  young  man  was  easily  victorious  over  his  rather  sluggish  com- 
petitors. 

6.  The  story  of  great  enterprises  is  often  remarkably  interesting. 

7.  The  house  seemed  too  good  for  its  surroundings. 

8.  The  artist  displayed  a  beautifully  conceived  picture. 

9.  The  announcement  of  the  great  orator  drew  together  an  unusu- 
ally brilliant  assembly. 

10.  The  possession  of  a  very  rich  alluvial  soil  makes  the  valley  re- 
markably fertile. 

EXERCISE  VI 

Model. — The  young  man  labored  very  hard. 

Remark. — In  this  simple  sentence  there  are  two  adverbs, 
the  adverb  ''hard''  qualifies  the  verb  ''labored'',  and  is  in 
turn  qualified  by  the  adverb  "very".  _ 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
a  simple  sentence.  Point  out  in  them  the  adverbs,  and 
explain  the  function  of  each. 

1.  Do  not  apply  yourself  too  assiduously. 

2.  The  moon  shone  brightly  enough  for  the  travelers. 

3.  The  day  passed  even  pleasurably. 

4.  The  returns  were  made  only  slowly. 

5.  The  clouds  gathered  ever  so  quickly. 

6.  The  battered  veteran  and  the  young  recruit  got  along  together 
famously  well. 

7.  Towards  the  end  of  his  life  the  great  man  devoted  himself  quite 
unremittingly  to  his  work. 

8.  Twenty  men  were  talking  very  loudly  at  one  and  the  same  time. 

9.  The  boy  acquitted  himself  remarkably  well. 
10.  The  day  was  more  than  ordinarily  warm. 


16  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


EXERCISE  VII 


Model. — ^The  miser,  hungry  for  gold,  snatched  the  glitter- 
ing coin. 

Remark. — In  this  simple  sentence,  there  is  a  simple  adjec- 
tive phrase  '^hungry  for  gold''.  It  is  a  phrase  because  it  is 
a  collection  cf  words  containing  no  finite  verb;  an  adjec- 
tive phrase  because  it  qualifies  a  noun,  ''miser";  a  simple 
adjective  phrase  because  it  is  introduced  by  an  adjective. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
a  simple  sentence.  Point  out  any  simple  adjective  phrases 
present,  and  explain  why  they  are  adjective  phrases. 

1.  The  sun  passed  across  the  sky  Hke  a  conqueror  at  his  triumph. 

2.  Red  in  the  light  of  the  evening,  the  mountains  gleamed  in  the 
west. 

3.  All  the  soldiers,  confident  of  victory,  followed  their  young  leader. 

4.  The  clouds,  heavy  with  rain,  stalked  up  from  the  east. 

5.  The  moon  played  on  the  landscape,  white  with  the  first  snow. 

6.  Queenly  even  at  the  moment  of  death,  Mary  Stuart  yielded  her 
neck  to  the  executioner. 

7.  Eager  for  the  fray,  the  war-horse  bore  on  a  rider  sick  at  heart. 

8.  A  gale,  eWeet  with  the  breath  of  roses,  was  wafted  in  through  the 
open  window. 

9.  The  messenger,  niuddy  from  his  travel,  was  ushered  into  a  salon 
bfflliant  with  hundreds  of  lights. 

10.  A  charger,  gay  with  crimson  trappings,  was  seen  rushing  madly 
over  the  field. 

11.  The  earthquake  overtook  a  party  of  pleasure-seekers  thoughtless 
of  danger. 

12.  They  are  unearthing  at  Pompeii  many  statues  worth  thousands 
of  dollars. 

13.  Big  houses,  devoid  of  ornament,  do  not  satisfy  tastes  awake  to 
the  charms  of  the  artistic. 

14.  The  pillar  of  cloud,  invisible  at  night,  was  succeeded  at  sunset  by 
a  pillar  of  fire. 

15.  The  sun  looked  down  on  a  morning  gray  with  mists. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  17 

16.  The  foundry,  all  ablaze  in  the  midst  of  the  night,  was  musical 
with  the  ringing  of  anvils. 

17.  Tne  little  band  of  patriots,  ignorant  of  their  own  power,  withstood 
an  army  invincible  in  a  hundred  battles. 

18.  Icicles,  agleam  with  rainbow  colors,  hung  on  every  tree  and  bush. 

19.  Our  train  traveled  along  the  banks  of  a  river  yellow  from  contact 
with  banks  of  gumbo. 

20.  We  tramped  through  fields  wet  from  recent  rains. 

21.  The  ambassadors,  anxious  to  prevent  a  war,  made  concessions 
injurious  to  their  own  country. 

22.  The  angry  river,  too  big  for  its  narrow  channel,  spread  itself  out 
over  rich  fields  ripe  for  the  harvest. 

23.  The  thirteen  colonies,  strong  only  in  their  determination,  re- 
sisted a  power  mighty  in  every  element  of  war. 

24.  The  mother  gently  laid  in  its  cradle  the  child  so  dear  to  her 
heart. 

25.  On  the  very  skirts  of  the  cloud  hung  a  rain-drop  anxious  to  ex- 
plore the  fields  below. 

EXERCISE  VIII 

Model. — The  dewdrop  in  the  chalice  of  the  lily  looked  like 
a  pearl. 

Remark. — In  this  simple  sentence  there  is  a  prepositional 
adjective  phrase,  ^'in  the  chalice  of  the  lily'\  It  is  a  phrase 
because  it  is  a  collection  of  words  containing  no  finite  verb; 
an  adjective  phrase  because  it  qualifies  the  noun,  'Mew- 
drop";  a  prepositional  adjective  phrase  because  it  is  intro- 
duced by  a  preposition. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
a  simple  sentence.  Point  out  the  prepositional  adjective 
phrases,  and  show  that  each  one  is  such. 

1.  The  rift  in  the  clouds  admitted  a  ray  of  sunshine. 

2.  A  cry  from  the  expectant  multitude  announced  the  arrival  of  the 
king. 

3.  The  trunk  with  the  broken  lock  escaped  the  notice  of  the  robbers. 


18  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

4.  The  brigands  in  the  mountain  fastnesses  often  descend  into  the 
valleys  for  plunder. 

5.  The  clouds  before  the  setting  sun  were  waving  curtains  of  living 
fire. 

6.  The  fort  across  the  bay  spat  out  a  long  tongue  of  fire. 

7.  The  forest  beneath  the  snowy  peak  was  a  green  mass  of  nodding 
plumes. 

8.  The  screech  from  the  flying  train  woke  the  echoes  in  the  quiet 
village  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff. 

9.  The  water  below  the  cataract  swirled  about  in  wild  fury. 

10.  The  silver  rivers  of  low-hanging  mist  disappeared  at  sunrise. 

11.  The  flags  of  twenty  nations  floated  in  the  morning  breeze. 

12.  The  sentinel  at  the  gate  refused  admission  to  the  suspicious- 
looking  stranger. 

13.  Thousands  of  pilgrims  visit  the  little  chapel  on  tliis  old  Roman 
road. 

14.  The  gallant  troops  under  the  veteran  commander  attacked  the 
almost  impregnable  position  on  the  hill. 

15.  The  water  above  the  dam  is  a  waveless  mill-pond. 

16.  A  policeman  on  a  plunging  horse  kept  back  the  crowd  along  the 
route  of  the  procession. 

17.  The  wheat  on  the  rolling  hills  bent  in  golden  waves  before  the 
wakening  wind. 

18.  The  light  from  the  light-house  threw  a  feeble  glimmer  across  the 
rain-swept  bay. 

19.  The  veterans  in  their  faded  uniforms  awoke  a  wild  burst  of  en- 
thusiasm in  the  loyal  multitude. 

20.  The  watchman  on  the  mountain  peak  alarmed  the  burghers  in  the 
valley  below. 

21.  A  walk  through  the  spring  woods  revived  his  flagging  energies. 

22.  The   Indians  on  their  wiry  ponies  easily  distanced  the  heavy 
mounts  of  the  cavalry. 

23.  Our  shrill  chanticleer  answered  the  challenges  from  the  other 
farmyards. 

24.  A  silver  frost  on  the  city's  roofs  belied  the  prediction  of  warmer 
weather. 

25.  A  beam  of  moonlight  through  a  window  in  the  mined  wall  lit  up 
the  tombstone  on  the  hero's  grave. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  19 


EXERCISE  IX 

Model. — The  mother,  weeping  over  the  loss  of  her  child, 
asked  mercy  for  its  father. 

Remark. — In  this  simple  sentence  there  is  a  participial 
adjective  phrase,  '^  weeping  over  the  loss  of  her  child '\  It 
is  a  phrase  because  it  contains  no  finite  verb;  an  adjective 
phrase  because  it  qualifies  ^'mother";  a  participial  adjective 
phrase  because  it  is  introduced  by  a  participle. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
a  simple  sentence.  Point  out  the  participial  adjective 
phrases,  and  explain  why  each  one  is  such. 

1.  The  child,  waving  a  danger  signal,  was  seen  by  the  pleasure- 
seekers  rushing  on  to  their  destruction. 

2.  The  water,  trickling  through  the  rotten  dike,  startled  a  peasant 
passing  near-by. 

3.  A  kind  word  often  softens  a  heart  hardened  by  every  crime. 

4.  The  citizens,  reduced  to  starvation,  accepted  the  terms  offered  by 
the  besiegers. 

5.  The  ships,  exposed  to  the  violence  of  the  gale,  were  driven  up  on 
shore. 

6.  The  cities,  stricken  by  the  fever,  received  help  from  the  whole 
country. 

7.  The  water,  trickling  down  through  the  mosses,  gradually  wore 
away  the  solid  rock. 

8.  Th«  ships^  riding  at  anchor  in  the  quiet  cove,  were  the  targets  of 
the  enemy. 

9.  The  smoke,  curling  through  the  evening  air,  announced  the  peas- 
ant's return. 

10.  The  boat  and  its  occupant,  carried  on  by  the  rush  of  the  waters, 
drew  nearer  and  nearer  to  the  brink  of  the  precipice. 

11.  The  cities  visited  by  the  tornado  were  never  rebuilt. 

12.  The  soldiers,  marching  through  the  narrow  defile,  were  surprised 
by  a  deluge  of  stones. 

13.  The  clouds,  gathered  in  the  west,  presaged  the  coming  of  the 
Storm. 


20  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

14.  The  lava,  rolling  down  the  mountain  side,  overwhelmed  hundreds 
of  villages. 

15.  The  French  could  not  withstand  the  forces  united  against  them  at 
sunset. 

16.  Flowers,  bought,  at  enormous  expense,  adorned  the  banquet 
tables. 

17.  Discharged  after  many  years  of  faithful  service,  the  poor  servitor 
had  to  find  a  refuge  in  the  almshouse. 

18.  A  soldier,  issuing  from  the  cloud  of  smoke,  displayed  a  white  flag. 

19.  Mountains,  rolling  away  to  the  northward,  protected  the  valley 
from  the  winter  storms. 

20.  Napoleon,  seeing  the  ruin  of  his  hopes,  tried  to  escape  to  America. 

21.  Stone  bridges,  constructed  hundreds  of  years  ago,  still  span  the 
rivers  in  parts  of  Europe. 

22.  Wheat,  sent  from  America,  fed  the  peasants  starving  in  hundreds 
of  hamlets. 

23.  The  wild  geese,  sailing  to  the  South,  were  our  first  harbingers  of 
winter. 

24.  The  firemen,  standing  on  the  roof,  were  almost  plunged  into  the 
fiery  furnace. 

25.  The  galley  slave,  chained  to  the  deck,  was  dragged  to  death  in  the 
doomed  trireme. 

EXERCISE  X 

Model, — ^The  General,  commander  of  ten  thousand  men, 
could  not  command  his  own  temper. 

Remark. — In  this  simple  sentence  there  is  an  appositional 
adjective  phrase,  '^commander  of  ten  thousand  men'\  It 
is  a  phrase  because  it  contains  no  finite  verb;  an  adjective 
phrase  because  it  qualifies  the  subject  '^ general^ ';  an  appo- 
sitional adjective  phrase  because  it  is  introduced  by  a  noun. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
a  simple  sentence.  Point  out  the  appositional  adjective 
phrases,  and  explain  why  each  one  is  such. 

1.  Cuba,  the  pearl  of  the  Antilles,  was  the  prize  of  victory. 

2.  The  troops  captured  Sitting  Bull,  the  leader  of  the  hostiles. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  21 

3.  The  shepherds  brought  back  to  the  folds  great  flocks  of  sheep,  the 
wealth  of  the  village. 

4.  The  white  heifer,  the  pride  of  her  mistress,  had  a  ribbon  tied 
round  her  neck. 

5.  The  mountains,  guardians  of  the  land,  stood  forth  against  the 
attacks  of  the  sea. 

6.  By  his  own  confession,  his  First  Communion  day  was  the  happi- 
est in  the  life  of  Napoleon,  the  greatest  military  genius  of  modern  times. 

7.  That  city,  the  natural  gateway  to  the  Orient,  is  still  in  its  infancy. 

8.  The  young  giri  killed  a  mountain  Uon,  the  terror  of  the  neighbor- 
hood. 

9.  Meriin,  the  wizard  of  King  Arthur's  court,  was  miserably  out- 
witted. 

10.  Roland,  the  pride  of  France,  died  in  the  Vale  of  Thorns. 

11.  Thousands  of  martyrs,  the  first  fruits  of  Christianity,  died  in  the 
amphitheater  at  Rome. 

12.  The  immense  engine,  a  giant  of  its  kind,  stood  ready  for  its  trip. 

13.  Death  snatched  away  a  young  man,  the  consolation  of  his  wid- 
owed mother. 

14.  Black  sails,  the  sign  of  defeat,  flapped  limply  against  the  mast. 

15.  Two  Sisters  of  Charity,  angels  from  the  battle-field,  entered  the 
Commissary's  office. 

16.  They  elected,  as  first  President,  George  Washington,  the  Father  of 
his  Country. 

17.  The  collie,  the  watchman  of  the  herd,  came  barking  at  their  heels. 

18.  Three  boys,  the  leaders  of  the  school,  were  sent  up  to  the  uni- 
versity to  try  for  the  scholarships. 

19.  The  Boers  killed  thousands  of  men,  the  pick  of  the  Queen's 
armies. 

20.  Our  country  faces  a  difficult  problem,  the  settlement  of  the  dis- 
putes between  capital  and  labor. 

21.  That  great  enterprise,  a  monument  to  the  energy  of  one  man,  has 
saved  a  city  from  commercial  stagnation. 

22.  A  trolley  car,  a  sight  so  familiar  to  all  of  us,  would  have  startled 
our  ancestors. 

23.  He  is  now  an  old  man,  the  idol  of  all  the  children. 

24.  The  cotton,  a  crop  usually  of  great  value,  was  worthless  that  year. 

25.  Richard,  a  prisoner  among  his  enemies,  heard  the  sweet  songs  of 
his  own  minstrel. 


22  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


EXERCISE  XI 

Model. — ^The  Old  Guard  attacked  the  heights  with  their 
Wonted  energy. 

Remark. — In  this  simple  sentence  there  is  an  adverbial 
phrase  "with  their  wonted  energy '\  It  is  an  adverbial 
phrase  because  it  qualifies  the  verb  "attacked^'. 

Practice. — Point  out  why  each  of  the  following  sentences 
is  a  simple  sentence.  Point  out  the  adverbial  phrases,  and 
explain  why  each  is  such. 

1.  The  defeated  Americans  fought  with  redoubled  energy. 

2.  In  one  night  the  smiUng  plain  was  changed  into  a  scene  of  desola- 
tion. 

3.  For  the  sake  of  money,  he  betrayed  his  friends  to  their  enemies. 

4.  For  twelve  hours,  the  volcano  belched  forth  lava  with  undimin- 
ished energy. 

5.  All  day  long  the  clouds  were  rolled  in  soft  pink  masses  across  the 
sky. 

6.  The  party  of  marauders  camped  in  the  depth  of  the  woods. 

7.  The  stream  ran  along  with  a  low,  purling  murmur. 

8.  The  winter  winds  sighed  in  the  leafless  branches. 

9.  The  purpling  grapes  hung  in  luscious  clusters  on  the  old  arbor. 

10.  The  moonlight  fell  on  the  old  ruin. 

11.  Birds  sang  in  the  ivy-hung  oaks. 

12.  The  horse  struggled  with  frantic  efforts  to  unseat  his  rider. 

13.  Up  and  down  the  field  the  two  teams  pushed  one  another  in  the 
struggle  for  victory. 

14.  Hundreds  of  thousands  perished  in  the  wars  of  Napoleon. 

15.  With  an  angry  menace,  the  master  ordered  the  servant  out  of  his 
sight. 

16.  The  dying  flame  of  day  shot  a  ray  through  the  chancel. 

17.  From  a  beaker  full  of  the  richest  dyes,  autumn  pours  a  new  glory 
on  the  woods. 

18.  The  stars  are  mirrored  in  the  tranquil  lake. 

19.  The  clouds  far  below  my  mountain  lookout  were  bathed  in  light. 

20.  On  sunny  slope  and  beechen  swell, 
The  shadowed  light  of  evening  fell- 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  23 

21.  Within  the  heavy  folds  of  the  roebuck's  skin  the  warrior's 
weapons  were  laid. 

22.  The  light  spray  hung  in  waving  rainbows  above  the  cataract. 

23.  Vogelweid  the  Minnesinger — 
Laid  his  body  in  the  cloister. 

24.  The  old-fashioned  country-seat  stands  back  from  the  village 
street. 

25.  The  rippling  waters  laughed  in  the  golden  sunshine. 

26.  In  the   Acadian  land,  on  the   shores  of   the    basin   of  Minas, 

.     .     .     the  little  village  of  Grand-Pr6 
Lay  in  the  fruitful  valley. 

27.  Into  the  golden  stream  of  the  broad  and  swift  Mississippi, 
Floated  a  cumbrous  boat. 

28.  The  blast  of  the  bugle  rang  through  the  leafy  corridors  of  the 
dense  forest. 

29.  A  ruddy  light  shines  in  the  fisherman's  cottage. 

30.  A  jolly  band  of  merry  travelers  were  gathered  round  the  hearth 
of  the  ancient  inn. 

31.  The  ship  leaped  with  one  exultant  bound  into  old  ocean's  arms. 

32.  The  rocky  ledge  runs  far  into  the  sea. 

33.  The  wild  waves  leaped  over  the  ancient  sea-wall  with  a  mocking 
laugh. 

34.  Once  into  a  quiet  village. 
Without  haste  and  without  heed, 
In  the  golden  prime  of  morning. 
Strayed  the  poet's  winged  steed. 

35.  The  drone  of  the  bees  was  heard  from  the  hundred  hives. 

36.  The  chieftain  cowed  the  rebel  crew  with  one  imperious  glance. 

37.  The  witches  muttered  in  a  hollow  voice  a  curse  on  their  persecu- 
tors. 

38.  A  milky  whiteness  spread  across  the  maiden's  cheek. 

39.  Through  his  love  for  adventure  the  young  man  was  drawn  into 
the  enterprise. 

40.  The  little  chapel  is  built  at  the  base  of  a  beetling  cliff. 

41.  To  and  fro  in  a  room  of  his  simple  and  primitive  dwelling, — 
Strode,  with  a  martial  air,  Miles  Standish,  the  Puritan  Captain. 

42.  Back  from  the  distant  glen  was  borne  the  echo  of  the  boatman's 
salute. 

43.  A  heap  of  withered  boughs  was  piled  on  the  dying  embers. 

44.  The  murderer  hid  himself  from  the  haunts  of  men. 


24  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

45.  In  glad  but  rude  procession  came 
Bonneted  sire  and  coif-clad  dame. 

46.  With  the  setting  of  the  sun  the  screech-owl  awakened  in  the 
depths  of  the  black  forest. 

47.  Erect,  at  the  outermost  gates 

Of  the  City  Celestial  he  waits, 
With  his  feet  on  the  ladder  of  light. 

48.  The  wind  swept  across  the  plain  with  a  death-wail  for  the  dying 
year. 

49.  Through  the  silent  night  there  came  to  my  ear  the  sweet  voice  of 
a  tinkling  stream. 

50.  In  the  midst  of  the  strife  and  tumult  of  angry  contention, 
Lol   the  door  of  the  chancel  opened. 


EXERCISE  XII 

Practice. — Show  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is  a 
simple  sentence.  Point  out  the  various  phrases,  and  explain 
why  each  is  such. 

1.  A  beautiful  vase  fell  with  a  crash  to  the  floor. 

2.  Walking  slowly  to  the  gate,  he  continued  down  the  street, 

3.  The  royal  family  rode  to  church  in  the  state  carriage. 

4.  Behind  the  clouds  the  sun  is  shining. 

5.  Does  the  tiger  belong  to  the  cat  family? 

6.  In  broad  daylight,  and  at  noon. 
Yesterday  I  saw  the  moon 
Sailing  high,  but  faint  and  white. 

7.  Two  angels,  one  of  Life  and  one  of  Death, 
Passed  o'er  our  village. 

8.  And  this  song  of  the  Vine, 
This  greeting  of  mine. 

The  winds  and  the  birds  shall  deliver 

To  the  Queen  of  the  West, 

In  her  garlands  dressed. 

On  the  Banks  of  the  Beautiful  River.  _ 

9.  Reefs  of  coral  show  themselves  suddenly  above  the  water. 
10.  Under  a  spreading  chestnut-tree 

The  village  smithy  stands. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  25 

11.  Backward  and  forward  before  the  gate  walked  a  faithful  sentinel. 

12.  At  the  close  of  day  the  weary  tribes  rested  from  their  labors. 

13.  Do  you  see  that  beautiful  bird  in  the  thicket?  ^^  ^.     !■  C.  >  -   ' 

14.  Dark  shadowy  goblins  danced  on  the  walls  lit  by  the  glowing 
fire. 

15.  Did  you  ever  hear  the  lark  singing  from  the  clouds? 

16.  The  leaves  of  the  trees  absorb  the  poisons  in  the  air. 

17.  Moon  and  sky  and  stars  were  mirrored  in  the  placid  surface  of 
the  lake. 

18.  In  the  sweet  month  of  June  the  roses  bloom  in  every  garden  and 
in  every  meadow. 

19.  A  last  cry  from  the  drowning  man  startled  the  awe-struck  on- 
lookers. 

20.  The  distressed  families,  left  by  the  flood  without  home,  were 
taken  in  by  neighbors. 

21.  Trained  in  early  girlhood  at  a  country  school  of  superior  quality, 
my  mother  had  learnt  severely  right  principles  of  truth,  charity,  and 
housewifery. 

22.  Looking  ahead  of  him  down  the  valley,  the  hunter  seated  himself 
on  the  trunk  of  a  fallen  tree. 

23.  The  myriad  leaves  of  the  underbrush  and  the  lofty  canopies  of 
the  trees  were  dyed  with  all  the  varied  colors  of  an  autumn  day. 

24.  Patches  of  sumac  stood  out  in  bright  red  blotches  against  the 
gray  of  the  cliff. 

25.  The  wild  vines,  hanging  from  the  tree,  formed  a  tent  beneath  its 
branches. 

26.  Autumn  folds  his  jeweled  arms 

Around  the  dying  year. 

27.  Near  him  stood  the  Lady  of  the  Lake — 
Clothed  in  white  samite,  mystic,  wonderful. 

28.  Our  chaise  whirled  rapidly  over  the  frozen  ground. 

29.  She  came  beneath  the  forest  dome 
To  seek  its  peaceful  shade, 

An  exile  from  her  ancient  home, 
A  poor,  forsaken  maid. 

30.  On  reaching  the  church  porch,  we  found  the  parson  rebuking  the 
gray-headed  sexton  for  having  used  mistletoe  among  the  decorations. 

31.  After  elbowing  their  way  through  the  damp  bushes,  the  boys 
reached  a  hill  overhanging  the  little  river. 

32.  Lol  on  he  comes,  behind  his  smoking  team, 


26  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

With  toiVs  bright  dew-drops  on  his  sunburnt  brow. 
The  lord  of  earth,  the  hero  of  the  plough  I 

33.  River! 

Four  long  years  of  mingled  feeling, 
Half  in  rest,  and  half  in  strife, 
I  have  seen  thy  waters  stealing 
Onward,  like  the  stream  of  life. 

34.  The  stranger  heard  the  sound  of  little  feet  pattering  outside  the 
door. 

35.  ^The  fringe 

Of  that  great  breaker,  sweeping  up  the  strand, 
Lashed  at  the  wizard. 

36.  On  sheltered  banks,  beneath  the  dripping  eaves, 
Spring's  earhest  nursUngs  spread  their  glowing  leaves. 

37.  There  was  something  extremely  agreeable  in  the  flow  of  animal 
spirits  of  the  httle  man. 

38.  Birds  of  passage  sailed  through  the  leaden  air  from  the  ice-bound, 
desolate,  northern  bays  to  the  shores  of  tropical  islands. 

39.  In  the  center  of  the  city  of  London  lies  a  small  neighborhood, 
called  Little  Britain. 

40.  A  pin  without  a  head  is  useless. 

41.  The  two  veterans  beguiled  the  way  with  recollections  of  their 
military  adventm-es. 

42.  Uplift  a  thousand  voices  full  and  sweet. 

In  this  wide  hall  with  earth's  invention  stored. 

43.  Filled  with  awe  was  Hiawatha 
At  the  aspect  of  his  father. 

44.  Alcuin  taught  the  sons  of  Charlemagne  in  the  free  schools  of 
Aix.    . 

45.  Patient  and  unrepining  Elizabeth  labored,  in  all  things 
Mindful  not  of  herself,  but  bearing  the  burdens  of  others. 

46.  The  very  thought  of  jumping  into  the  icy  stream  sent  a  shudder 
through  the  frame  of  the  exhausted  boy. 

47.  Why  is  the  morning  mist  lying  softly  in  the  valley  so  heavy? 

48.  The  golden  cross  of  the  old  church  was  visible  far  out  at  sea. 

49.  For  centuries  the  rivers  have  been  washing  the  mountains  down 
to  the  ocean.  ^ 

50.  Our  yoimg  country  has  astounded  the  world  by  its  progress. 

51.  Bravely  the  fire-fighters  battled  on  through  the  smoke  with  their 
precious  burdens. 


FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH  27 

52.  Far  up  the  lengthened  lake  were  spied 
Four  darkening  specks  upon  the  tide. 

53.  The  muffled  tramp  of  a  hundred  men  struck  on  the  ear  of  the 
watcher  at  the  window. 

54.  Every  morning  the  sun  peeps  through  the  latticed  windows  of  the 
grove. 

55.  The  lightning  rent  the  mighty  oak  into  a  thousand  splinters. 

56.  The  summer  dawn's  reflected  hue 

To  purple  changed  Loch  Katrine  blue. 

57.  Myriads  of  caterpillars  fed  on  the  fruit  trees  in  the  old  orchard. 

58.  Spreading  his  wings  the  eagle  sailed  majestically  through  the  air. 

59.  The  uppermost  jets  of  spray  rose  like  slow  smoke  above  the  un- 
dulating line  of  the  cataract. 

60.  My  head  grew  dizzy  with  the  hum  of  voices. 

61.  Over  her  head  the  stars,  the  thoughts  of  God  in  the  heavens, 
Shone  on  the  eyes  of  man. 

62.  All  through  the  darkness  of  the  summer   night    the  fireflies 
gleamed. 

63.  On  the  western  slope  of  these  mountains 

Dwells  in  his  little  village  the  Black  Robe  chief  of  the  Mission. 

64.  The  oak  and  birch,  with  mingled  shade. 
At  noontide  there  a  twilight  made. 

65.  Out  of  the  black  cloud  came  bursts  of  spiry  lightning. 

66.  The  sun  plunged  down  into  the  west,  a  red-hot  ball. 

67.  A  strong  wind,  coming  up  from  the  south,  tore  the  crimson  clouds 
of  sunset  into  floating  rags. 

68.  Early  in  the  spring  the  intrepid  leader  with  only  thirty  chosen 
men  penetrated  the  country  of  the  enemy. 

69.  Guided  by  a  renegade  Indian,  the  English  penetrated,  through 
December  snows,  to  this  stronghold. 

70.  No  murmur  waked  the  solemn  still. 
Save  tinkling  of  a  mountain  rill. 

71.  Softly  through  the  evening  from  all  the  hamlets  in  the  valley 
came  the  sound  of  the  Angelus. 

72.  A  wild  scream  rang  through  the  dark  streets 

73.  Far  away  to  the  south  uprose 

A  little  feather  of  snow-white  smoke. 

74.  Opening  his  flask  the  compassionate  youth  poured  all  the  water 
down  the  poor  dog's  throat. 

75.  The  rivers  of  peace  through  our  valleys  shall  ru» 


28  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

76.  The  loving  children  hovered  about  the  chair  of  their  invalid 
mother. 

77.  We  were  assisted  in  our  work  of  civilization  by  steam-engines  and 
threshing  machines. 

78.  The  settlers  did  not  attempt  conciliatory  methods  with  their 
savage  neighbors. 

79.  Winter  snows,  melting  in  the  mountains,  swelled  the  rivers  beyond 
their  banks. 

80.  All  boys  with  any  good  in  them  are  fond  of  boats. 

81.  I  would  pass  entire  days  in  rambling  on  the  Cumberland  hillsides. 

82.  At  a  word  from  the  master  the  sails  dropped  rattling  on  the  deck. 

83.  Out  of  the  bosom  of  the  air, 

Out  of  the  cloud-folds  of  her  garments  shaken, 
Over  the  woodlands  brown  and  bare, 
Over  the  harvest  fields  forsaken. 

Silent,  and  soft,  and  slow, 

Descends  the  snow. 

84.  On  beholding  the  destruction  of  their  village,  the  warriors  uttered 
yells  of  rage. 

85.  At  anchor  in  Hampton  Roads  we  lay, 
On  board  the  Cumberland,  sloop-of-war. 

86.  The  Governor  came  with  his  Light-horse  Troop. 

87.  The  little  girl  nursed  a  family  of  dolls  in  ragged  dresses. 

88.  The  white  flowers  shone  like  stars  in  the  light  of  the  early  dawn. 

89.  Albert  Diirer  scarcely  ever  draws  a  scene  in  the  life  of  the  Virgin 
without  putting  into  the  foreground  some  idle  cherubs. 

90.  Looking  at  the  war  ships  in  the  offing,  you  can  not  distinguish  the 
smaller  guns. 

91.  I  have  been  rather  minute  in  drawing  the  pictures  of  these  two 
families. 

92.  They  had  chosen  for  the  poor  man's  grave  one  of  the  worst  and 
most  neglected  corners  of  the  churchyard. 

93.  I  hear  the  wind  among  the  trees 
Playing  celestial  symphonies. 

94.  ^Through  a  sapphire  sea  the  sun 

Sails  like  a  golden  galleon. 

95.  The  brooklet  came  from  the  mountain, —     — 
Running  with  feet  of  silver 

Over  the  sands  of  gold. 

96.  Robert  of  Sicily,  brother  of  Pope  Urbane 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  29 

And  Valmond,  Emperor  of  Allemaine. 
Apparelled  in  magnificent  attire, 
With  retinue  of  many  a  knight  and  squire, 
On  St.  John's  eve,  at  vespers,  proudly  sat. 

97.  The  rain  falling  for  many  days  turned  even  the  best  roads  into 
quagmires. 

98.  The  mistress  of  the  world  was  on  her  knees  before  the  subject 
nations. 

99.  In  the  one  great  battle  of  Hastings  the  power  of  the  Saxons  was 
broken. 

100.  Mute  with  amazement  and  sorrow,  Priscilla  the  Puritan  maiden 
Looked  into  Alden's  face,  her  eyes  dilated  with  wonder. 


EXERCISE    XIII 

Model. — After  the  hostile  mountaineers  had  departed  from 
the  valley,  it  was  a  waste  of  smoking  villages  and  ruined 
farms. 

Remark. — This  sentence  contains  two  finite  verbs  ''had 
departed^'  and  ''was^^,  therefore  it  can  not  be  a  simple  sen- 
tence. Neither  can  it  be  a  compound-complex  sentence, 
since  for  a  compound-complex  sentence  three  verbs  are 
required.  It  must,  then,  be  either  a  compound  or  a  com- 
plex sentence.  To  determine  to  which  of  these  last  two 
classes  it  belongs  we  must  examine  what  relation  the  two 
clauses  composing  the  sentence  have  to  each  other.  It  will 
be  immediately  evident  that  the  clause  '' after '^  etc.  tells 
the  time  of  the  fact  recorded  in  the  other  clause, — that  it 
serves  the  purpose  of  an  adverb  with  regard  to  that  clause. 
It  follows  at  once  from  the  definitions  above  explained  that 
this  sentence  must  be  complex. 

Practice. — Explain  the  character  of  the  clauses  in  the  fol- 
lowing sentences,  and,  therefore,  the  character  of  the  sen- 
tences; point  out  the  dependent  clause,  and  explain  its 
adverbial  character. 


30  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

N.  B. — The  adverbial  clauses  in  this  exercise  are  intro- 
duced by  temporal,  causal,  conditional,  and  purpose  conjunc- 
tions. 

1.  Many  a  year  is  in  itf:  grave 
Since  I  crossed  this  restless  wave. 

2.  If  you  desire  the  world's  applause,  you  must  earn  it. 

3.  If  your  argiunents  produce  no  conviction,  they  are  worth  nothing 
to  men. 

4.  When  a  deed  is  done  for  freedom,  through  the  broad  earth's 

aching  breast 
Runs  a  thrill  of  joy  prophetic,  trembling  on  from  east  to  west. 

5.  When  honor  dies,  the  man  is  dead. 

6.  Whene'er  a  noble  deed  is  wrought, 

Our  hearts  in  glad  surprise 
To  higher  levels  rise. 

7.  While  we  commend  the  character  of  Washington  to  others,  let  us 
not  forget  to  imitate  it  ourselves. 

8.  As  by  the  shore,  at  break  of  day, 
A  vanquished  chief  expiring  lay, 
Upon  the  sands,  with  broken  sword, 
He  traced  his  farewell  to  the  free. 

9.  If  all  but  myself  were  blind,  I  should  want  neither  fine  clothes, 
fine  houses,  nor  fine  furniture. 

10.  Were  a  star  quenched  on  high,* 
For  ages  would  its  light. 

Still  traveling  downward  through  the  sky. 
Shine  on  our  mortal  sight. 

11.  The  city  was  not  in  danger  as  long  as  the  forts  held  out. 

12.  The  laborers  behaved  well  lest  the  troops  might  open  fire. 

13.  The  dam  gave  way  because  its  foundations  were  old  and  weak. 

14.  As  soon  as  the  Germans  under  Bliicher  were  seen  approaching, 
Waterloo  was  won  for  the  English. 

15.  The  soldiers  refused  to  go  into  battle  unless  their  old  commander 
were  reinstated. 

*  It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  conjunction  "if"  of  a  conditional 
clause  is  often  omitted  in  English.  In  these  cases  the  character  of  the 
clause  is  indicated,  however,  by  the  conditional  form  of  the  verb. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  31 

16.  The  Eirgument  of  the  prosecution  was  weak  in  as  much  as  the 
defense  could  prove  an  alibi. 

17.  The  troops  of  the  legations  could  not  hold  out  until  reenforce- 
ments  arrived. 

18.  Whereas  His  Majesty  refuses  redress,  we  are  obliged  to  forswear 
our  allegiance. 

19.  We  have  harnessed  the  waterfall  in  order  that  we  may  have  cheap 
power  for  our  factories. 

20.  If  the  spring  had  not  opened  so  early,  the  fruit  trees  would  not 
have  blossomed. 

21.  Before  the  EngUsh  had  fairly  started,  the  Americans  were  being 
aroused  to  receive  them. 

22.  I  have  no  need  of  a  secretary  for  I  have  a  very  small  correspond- 
ence. 

23.  That  the  fire  might  not  spread  any  farther,  the  firemen  blew  up 
the  neighboring  houses. 

24.  The  farmer  stood  idly  deploring  his  losses  while  the  rain  washed 
away  his  crops. 

25.  Should  the  temperature  fall  much  to-night,  the  work  will  have  to 
be  discontinued. 

26.  After  the  rain  beat  down  the  crops,  the  sun  burnt  them  int3 
Worthless  straw. 

27.  The  arid  wastes  of  the  west  have  become  blooming  gardens  since 
Irrigation  has  been  introduced. 

28.  Since  you  will  not  listen  to  reason,  you  must  bow  to  force. 

29.  An  immense  tidal  wall  has  been  built  lest  the  sea  again  destroy 
She  city. 

30.  Had  you  passed  one  moment  later,  the  train  would  have  crashed 
vito  your  wagon. 

31.  ''Hadst  thou  stayed,  I  must  have  fled  I*' 

32.  In  as  much  as  you  show  no  good  reasons,  we  will  not  accede  to 
your  demand. 

33.  As  soon  as  the  gun  rang  out,  the  whole  town  was  awake. 

34.  While  the  lazy  huckster  drawled  out  his  song,  his  horse  drifted 
Dnward  down  the  village  street. 

35.  The  colonists  refused  all  offers  of  a  compromise  because  they  saw 
in  them  no  hope  of  a  permanent  peace. 

36.  When  the  mist  lifted,  we  could  see  the  harbor  and  shipping. 

37.  If  the  wind  had  not  veered  to  the  north,  we  would  have  had  a 
clear  day. 


32  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

38.  The  subordinate  officers  complained  with  reason  for  they  had 
been  treated  with  unexampled  rigor. 

39.  The  Americans  cleaned  up  the  cities  of  Cuba  in  order  that  the 
chance  of  a  plague  might  be  lessened. 

40.  As  soon  as  the  dogs  came  up  with  the  deer,  he  turned  upon  them. 


EXERCISE  XIV 

Model. — Csesar  was  more  successful  than  Pompey. 

Remark. — Sentences  expressive  of  comparison,  though 
they  often  apparently  have  but  one  finite  verb,  are  never 
simple  sentences.  There  is  always  a  verb  understood  or 
expressed  after  the  particle  of  comparison,  'Hhan''  or  ''as^\ 
This  verb  after  "than^^  or  "as''  gives  the  sentence  at  least 
two  verbs,  and,  therefore,  makes  it  at  least  a  complex  sen- 
tence. The  clause  after  "than ''  or  "  as ''  is  really  the  depend- 
ent clause  because  it  expresses  the  degree  of  whatever  is 
said  in  the  principal  clause  and  has,  therefore,  an  adverbial 
force. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences 
is  complex;  point  out  the  dependent  clause,  and  give  the 
reason  why  it  is  such. 

1.  As  the  birds  come  in  the  spring, 

So  come  to  the  poet  his  songs. 

2.  The  snow  was  falling,  as  if  heaven  dropped  down 
White  flowers  of  Paradise  to  strew  his  pall. 

3.  It  droppeth  as  the  gentle  rain  from  heafven. 

4.  The  Romans  were  not  more  virtuous  than  the  Greeks. 

5.  Many  a  boy  loves  his  games  better  than  his  books. 

6.  A  storm  can  ruin  more  in  a  night  than  a  man  can  build  in  a  year 

7.  A  fool  can  ask  more  questions  than  a  wise  man  can  answer. 

8.  The  chances  were  as  poor  for  us  as  they  were  splendid  for  them. 

9.  To-day  is  not  nearly  as  bright  as  yesterday. 

10.  Many  are  more  desirous  of  virtue  than  the^tniser  of  gold. 

11.  Patience  gains  more  victories  than  ability. 

12.  Is  the  sunrise  of  life  more  glorious  than  its  sunset? 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  33 

13.  Do  not  esteem  a  plodder  less  than  a  genius. 

14.  The  merchants  were  put  in  possession  of  their  goods  sooner  than 
they  had  expected. 

15.  Do  not  worry  more  about  your  body  than  about  your  soul. 

EXERCISE  XV 

Model. — Every  one  said  that  the  day  was  ideal. 

Remark. — This  is  more  than  a  simple  sentence  because  it 
contains  at  least  two  finite  verbs.  That  it  is  a  complex  sen- 
tence and  not  a  compound  sentence  is  evident  from  the  fact 
that  the  clause  "that  the  day  was  ideaP'  serves  the  purpose 
of  a  noun  with  regard  to  the  clause  ''Every  one  said" 
because  it  expresses  what  was  said,  and  is,  therefore,  really 
the  object  of  the  verb  ''said".  Clauses  introduced  by 
"that",  and  serving  as  subjects  or  objects  of  other  clauses 
are  frequent  in  English. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  is  a  complex 
sentence,  and  explain  the  office  of  the  "that"  clause  in  the 
sentence. 

1.  The  government  declared  that  it  would  not  prosecute  the  rebels. 

2.  That  the  early  settlers  found  their  path  literally  strewn  with  gold 
is  admitted  by  all. 

3.  The  history  of  all  ages  teaches  that  sooner  or  later  the  oppressed 
will  wreak  a  terrible  revenge  on  the  oppressor. 

4.  The  attorney  for  the  defense  established  that  his  client  had  acted 
in  self-defense. 

5.  That  the  sun  revolves  around  the  earth  was  long  unknown. 

6.  His  affability  showed  that  he  was  adapted  for  the  position. 

7.  That  wealth  can  not  purchase  health  is  in  evidence  at  every 
sanitarium. 

8.  That  so  many  daring  adventurers  have  attempted  it  in  vain 
proves  clearly  enough  the  impossibility  of  a  passage  to  the  North  Pole. 

9.  The  nations  of  Europe  will  never  be  content  that  one  of  their 
nimiber  take  undivided  possession  of  China. 

10.  That  strikes  are  so  frequent  shows  very  well  the  imperfection  of 
OUT  industrial  conditions. 


34  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


EXERCISE  XVI 

Model. — ^The  Germans,  whom  Bliicher  commanded,  eluded 
the  French  army  appointed  to  intercept  them. 

Remark. — That  this  is  more  than  a  simple  sentence  is  at 
once  evident  from  the  presence  of  the  two  finite  verbs,  ^^  com- 
manded^' and  *' eluded '\  The  clause  "whom  Bliicher  com- 
manded''  is  evidently  dependent,  since  it  fulfills  the  office  of 
an  adjective  for  the  word  "Germans''. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  sentences  is 
complex;  point  out  the  dependent  clause,  and  explain  why 
it  is  dependent. 

N.  B. — Remember  that  there  are  relative  adverbs,  espe- 
cially of  place,  as  well  as  relative  pronouns. 

1.  Thou  art  the  ruins  of  the  noblest  man 
That  ever  lived  in  the  tide  of  the  times. 

2.  There  is  a  tide  in  the  affairs  of  men, 
Which,  taken  at  the  flood,  leads  on  to  fortune. 

3.  We  know  the  master  who  laid  your  keel. 

4.  He  placed  himself  in  a  position  where  he  might  be  easily  seen 
byaU. 

5.  Hands  that  the  rod  of  empire  might  have  swayed 
Close  at  my  elbow  stir  the  lemonade. 

6.  The  sources  whence  all  this  information  was  derived  were  never 
revealed. 

7.  He  pointed  out  the  man  whom  he  had  seen  at  the  head  of  the 
mob. 

8.  The  man  whose  possessions  had  all  been  lost  on  that  fatal  night 
seemed  the  most  indifferent  individual  in  the  crowd. 

9.  The  child  had  no  difliculty  in  recognizing  the  man  who  had  driven 
the  cab. 

10.  In  that  beautiful  land  which  is  washed  by  the  Delaware's  waters, 
Guarding  in  sylvan  shades  the  name  of  Penn,  the  apostle, 
Stands  on  the  banks  of  the  beautiful  stream  his  city. 

11.  The  hut  that  had  been  built  in  the  clearing  was  of  the  most 
primitive  construction. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  35 

12.  The  commander  of  the  fort,  whom  I  had  met  in  my  travels  abroad, 
snowed  me  the  greatest  hospitality. 

13.  The  sailor  whose  acquaintance  I  had  formed  was  very  kind  during 
the  whole  voyage. 

14.  He  sent  me  a  young  man  whose  abilities  he  was  able  to  recom- 
mend. 

15.  The  yacht  that  had  led  during  the  greater  part  of  the  race  was 
passed  on  the  last  day. 

EXERCISE  XVII 

Practice. — *  Analyze  the  following  sentences,  pointing  out 
why  they  are  complex,  and  explaining  which  are  the  depend- 
ent clauses  and  why.  Many  of  the  sentences  contain  clauses 
of  a  kind  not  exemplified  in  the  previous  exercises  in  com- 
plex sentences.  Determine  the  dependent  clause  simply  Iom 
the  application  of  the  general  definition,  that  a  dependent! 
clause  fulfills  the  office  of  noun,  adjective,  or  adverb  with! 
regard  to  some  word  in  another  clause  of  the  same  sen-J 
tence,  or  with  regard  to  another  clause  in  the  same  sentence.!^ 

1.  I  :w^as  loitering  about  the  British  Museum*  with  that  listlessness  ^^t^^ 
with  which  one  is  apt  to  saunter  about  a  museum  in  warm  weather. 

2.  The  first  duty  of  the  commission  wa^  to  inquire^how  means  might  ^^^ 
be  raised  for  the  work. 

3.  There  wus  an  air  of  mystery  about  this  cavalcade  in  black  that 
piqued  my  curiosity. 

4.  Many  a  mile  had  they  mgjgfthed,  when  at  length  the  village  of   ILjUr 
Plymouth  woke  from  its  sleep. 

5.  The  scouts  inquired  whether  any  signs  of  the  enemy  had  been 
seen. 

6.  Our  strength  l§,y  in  this  that  the  advancing  columns  were  wholly 
imadvised  of  our  position, 

*  Thus  far  in  the  analysis  of  complex  sentences  no  demand  has  been 
made  for  an  explanation  of  the  phrases  occurring.  From  Exercise 
XVII  on,  this  explanation  of  phrases  should  be  demanded,  and,  if  the 
teacher  wishes,  he  may  require  it  in  all  the  exercises  on  complex 
sentences. 


1 


36  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 


^. 


7.  After  the  sun  had  sunk  down  in  the  west,  tht.  valley  was  soon 
shrouded  in  darkness.  j 

8.  The  floods  cannot  reach  the  barns  and  farm-houses  because  the 
peasants  liave  wisely  built  these  high  up  on  the  sides  of  the  hills. 

9.  As  the  lightning  flashed  from  the  angry  sky,  the  travelers  caught 
a  gUmpse  of  the  trail. 

10.  Why  Ujjiger  round  the  sunken  wrecks       iJ 
^W-  Where  old  Armadas  found  their  graves?  ' 

11.  It  was  early  in  the  'Teafy   month  of   June"  that  I  traveled 
through  the  beautiful  province  of  Normandy. 

12.  The  diligence  was  one  of  those  ponderous  vehicles  which  totter 
slowly  along  the  paved  roads  of  France. 

<>A^  13.  Since  the  complications  of  labor  and  capital  have  become  so 
frequent  among  us,  many  fayor  compulsory  arbitration  as  a  solution 
for  our  industrial  problems. 

14.  As  soon  as  the.  city  began  to  grow,  the  wealthier  inhabitants 
built  themselves  mans^gns  out  in  the^uburbs.  .. 

15.  In  every  dingy  village" we  thundered  through,  the  postilion  had 
a  commission  to  execute. 

16.  What  most  attracted  my  attention  was  the  grotesque  appear- 
ance of  the  little  musician. 

17.  When  I  had  fully  prepared  myself  for  a  ramble  through  the  city, 
it  was  already  sunset. 

18.  "While  of  ten  thousand  herds,  there  strays 
But  one  along  yon  river's  maze, — 

The  Gael,  of  plain  and  river  heir, 

Shall,  with  strong  hand,  redeem  his  share. " 

19.  There  was  an  air  of  antiquity  about  the  whole  city  that  breathed 
of  the  middle  ages. 

20.  The  picturesque  remnant  of  old  times  into  which  I  have  thus 
beguiled  the  reader  is  called  the  Charter  House. 

21.  Everybody  was  eager  to  learn  how  the  affair  had  been  brought 
to  pass. 

22.  When  I  gazed  on  the  stupendous  architecture  of  the  Church,  I 
was  transported  back  to  the  middle  ages. 

23.  Far  liefer  had  I  fight  a  score  of  times. 
Than  hear  thee  so  missay  me. 

24.  As  soon  as  the  first  ray  of  life  shot  across  the  eastern  sky,  the 
birds  commenced  their  concert. 

25.  Almost  every  one  was  of  the  opinion  that  our  safety  lay  in  flight. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  37 

26.  If  walls  had  tongues  as  well  as  ears,  what  tales  could  they 
narrate! 

27.  After  the  clouds   had  traveled,  the   raindrops    on  the   bushes 
shone  like  diamonds  in  the  gleaming  sunshine. 

28.  As  the  sun  sank  down  behind  the  western  hills,  the  tinkle  of 
the  cow-bells  announced  the  home-coming  of  the  herds. 

29.  The  announcement  that  the  great  bank  had  failed  started  a 
panic  in  financial  circles. 

30.  The  visitors  anxiously  inquired  how  the  invalids  fared. 

31.  Around  you  lies  a  parched  and  sun-burnt  plain,  which,  like  the 
ocean,  has  no  limits  but  the  sky. 

32.  I  was  a  little  dubious  whether  it  was  not  one  of  those  apocryphal 
tales  often  passed  off  on  travelers. 

33.  Had  that  hail  fallen  one  week  earlier,  the  crops  of  three  counties 
would  have  been  ruined. 

34.  We  found  a  companion  we  had  not  expected. 

35.  Across  the  waste  of  the  flood-water  we  could  make  out  only 
one  thing,  that  the  farm-house  still  stood. 

36.  The  whistle  of  the  steamboat  we  were  awaiting  was  heard  down 
the  river. 

37.  While  the  horses  swept  down  the  stretch  to  the  stand,  every 
man,  woman,  and  child  stood  up  shouting  wildly  for  the  favorite. 

38.  When  o'er  the  street  the  morning  peal  is  flung 
From  yon  tall  belfry  with  the  brazen  tongue, 
Its  wide  vibrations,  wafted  by  the  gale, 

To  each  far  listener  tell  a  different  tale. 

39.  The  children  wondered  what  mysterious  present  the  oaken  box 
contained. 

40.  The  belief  that  the  world  was  flat  was  not  easily  eradicated  from 
the  minds  of  the  people. 

41.  More  things  are  wrought  by  prayer  than  this  world  dreams  of. 

42.  The  young  king  disapproved  the  plan  his  councilors  had  adopted. 

43.  The  stranger  from  Mars  naturally  enough  asked  how  the  broom- 
stick on  top  dragged  the  trolley-car. 

44.  The  young  man  indignantly  denied  the  charge  that  he  had 
tampered  with  the  mails. 

45.  A  star  the  astronomer  had  never  seen  before  seemed  to  break 
forth  from  the  blue  vault  above. 

46.  All  you  have  said  does  not  prove  your  competency, 

47.  Whoever  wants  glory  must  find  it. 


38  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

48.  When  the  coast-dwellers  heard  the  hoarse  murmurs  out  at  sea, 
they  were  filled  with  gloomy  forebodings. 

49.  That  he  was  not  the  favorite  of  all  the  electors  did  not  enter 
into  the  mind  of  the  young  man. 

50.  * '  Soars  thy  presumption  then  so  high, 
Because  a  wretched  kern  ye  slew, 
Homage  to  name  to  Roderick  Dhu?" 


EXERCISE  XVIII 

Model. — I  observed  that  all  the  farmer's  listeners  burst  into 
laughter  at  his  retorts  before  they  could  well  understand 
them.  >  ' 

Remark. — This  sentence  has  three  finite  verbs,  "ob- 
served/' "burst/'  "understand."  Of  the  three  clauses  only 
one  is  principal.  The  sentence  is,  therefore,  complex.  Of 
the  two  dependent  clauses  the  latter  "before  they",  etc.,  evi- 
dently qualifies  not  the  principal  clause  "I  observed"  but 
the  dependent  clause  "that  all",  etc. 

In  complex  sentences,  containing  more  than  one  depend- 
ent clause,  the  extra  clauses  sometimes  qualify  the  principal 
elause,  and  sometimes  qualify  another  dependent  clause. 

Practice. — Analyze  the  following  complex  sentences  indi- 
cating and  proving  the  order  of  dependence  in  the  dependent 
clauses. 

1.  The  mountain  sides  ajSi  black  with  pines  that  run  down  to  the 
edge  of  a  little  stream  which  enapties  into  the  Guadalquivir. 

2.  As  my  companion  went  off,  I  heard  him  putting  questions  to  a 
passenger  who  had  alighted  with  him. 

3.  I  have  sometimes  thought  that  I  could  not  have  existed  in  a 
village  where  one  of  those  old-time  witches  was  reputed  to  live. 

4.  Parents  do  not  know  what  they  do  when  they  leave  tender 
babes  alone  to  go  to  sleep  in  the  dark. 

5.  After  we  had  journeyed  forward  for  a  few  more  hours,  we  stood 
looking  down  on  the  broad,  luxuriant  valleys  which  were  bathed  in  the 
splendors  of  an  Andalusian  sunset. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  39 

6.  In  the  pavement  is  a  trapdoor  opening  into  a  dungeon  which 
occupies  all  the  lower  part  of  the  tower,  and  which  formerly  had  no 
entrance  save  this  trapdoor. 

7.  It  is  plain  that  the  gentle  and  humble-minded  Gregory  was 
unequal  to  the  government  of  the  Church  and  province  of  Constan- 
tinople, which  were  as  unworthy  as  they  were  impatient  of  him. 

8.  This  personage  was  a  sexagenarian  with  whom  I  became  ac- 
quainted while  I  was  stopping  at  Auteuil. 

9.  The  inn-keeper  was  not  too  anxioiis  for  our  company  because  he 
knew  that  there  were  travelers  coming  who  would  pay  more  for  his 
accommodations  than  we. 

10.  It  so  happens  that  we  have  a  vast  deal  of  Gregory's  poetry, 
which  he  doubtless  never  intended  for  publication,  but  which  formed 
the  recreation  of  his  retirement. 

11.  The  stripling  walked  into  the  woods  where  the  bluebirds  and 
robins  were  building  the  nests  which  would  be  the  cradles  of  their 
offspring. 

12.  What  hue  shall  paint  the  mocking  light 
That  burned  and  stained  the  orient  skies 
Where  peaceful  morning  loves  to  rise, 
As  if  the  sun  had  lost  his  way 

And  dawned  to  make  a  second  day! 

13.  After  his  father  died,  this  old  gentleman  was  established  in  an 
inheritance  which  would  have  kept  him  in  easy  circumstances,  had 
tie  not  risked  it  in  speculations  which  proved  unfortunate. 

14.  In  all  that  great  cemetery  which  has  been  receiving  the  dead 
for  two  centuries,  there  is  not  a  grave  which  is  not  kept  fresh  and 
green. 

15.  As  I  gazed  on  the  sculptured  forms  of  the  dead  before  me,  and 
at  the  little  chapel,  whose  Gothic  roof  seemed  to  protect  their  marble 
sleep,  my  busy  memory  swung  back  the  dark  portals  of  the  past. 

16.  He  who  sins  in  the  broad  noonday  of  a  clear  and  radiant  mind, 
when  at  length  the  delirium  of  passion  has  subsided,  and  the  cloud 
flits  from  before  the  sun,  trembles  beneath  the  searching  eye  of  a 
conscience  which  is  strong  in  the  strength  of  a  godlike  intellect. 

17.  I  soon  found  myself  in  the  deep  shade  of  heavy  foliage,  where  the 
branches  of  the  yew  and  willow  mingled  and  were  interwoven  with 
the  tendrils  and  blossoms  of  the  honeysuckle. 

18.  The  rich  man,  who  would  not  walk  the  streets  with  the  starving 
and  penniless  man  of  genius,  deems  it   an  honor,  when  death  has 


40  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

exalted  the  name  of  the  neglected  sage,  or  poet,  that  his  own  ashea 
should  be  laid  beside  him. 

19.  As  I  passed  on  amid  the  shady  avenues  of  the  famous  village,  I 
could  not  help  comparing  my  impressions  with  those  which  others  had 
felt  when  they  walked  among  the  same  scenes. 

20.  A  small  village  that  is  not  mentioned  in  the  guide-book  stands 
upon  the  precipitous  banks  of  a  deep  ravine  through  which  a  noisy 
brook  leaps  down  to  turn  the  ponderous  wheel  of  a  thatch-roofed  mill. 

21.  As  we  followed  a  well-trodden  path  through  the  vineyard,  we 
were  descending  the  valley's  slope  to  find  ourselves  suddenly  in  one 
of  those  little  hamlets  from  which  the  laborer  rises  to  his  toil  as  the 
skylark  to  his  song. 

22.  After  I  had  walked  many  miles  along  the  dusty  highway,  I 
crossed  the  river  in  a  boat  to  a  little  village  which  lies  amid  luxuriant 
vineyards  upon  the  southern  bank  of  the  Loire. 

23.  Those  who  were  untaught  in  scholastic  wisdom  were  learned  in 
traditionary  lore,  for  they  had  their  ballads  in  which  were  described 
the  valor  and  achievements  of  the  early  kings  of  the  Franks. 

24.  John  of  Antioch,  who  from  his  eloquence  was  called  Chrysostom, 
was  approaching  sixty  years  of  age,  when  he  had  to  deliver  himself  up 
to  the  imperial  ofl&cers,  and  to  leave  Constantinople  for  a  distant  exile. 

25.  I  need  hardly  allude  to  the  heroic  Popes  who  patiently  lived  on 
in  the  Crimea,  till  a  martyrdom,  in  which  they  had  no  part  but  the 
suffering,  released  them. 

26.  I  believe  with  the  Persians  that  ten  measures  of  talk  were  sent 
down  from  heaven,  and  that  the  ladies  took  nine. 

27.  Still  more  surprised  were  they  to  learn  that,  in  order  to  have 
bread,  wheat  must  be  sown;  that  grass  was  necessary  for  the  produc- 
tion of  milk;  and  that  wine  did  not  flow  from  casks  on  turning  the  key. 

28.  I  observe  that  men  run  away  to  other  countries  because  they  are 
not  good  in  their  own,  and  run  back  to  their  own  because  they  pass 
for  nothing  in  the  new  place. 

29.  Whilst  we  want  cities  as  the  centers  where  the  best  things  are 
found,  cities  degrade  us  by  magnifying  trifles. 

30.  I  thought  that  ten  thousand  swords  must  have  leaped  from 
their  scabbards  to  avenge  even  a  look  that  threatened  her  with  insult. 

31.  *'Here,  while  his  brethren  stood  aloof. 

The  herald's  blast  was  blown 

That  shook  St.  Stephen's  pillared  roof 

And  rocked  King  George's  throne  I" 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  41 

32.  Enchanter  of  Erin,  whose  magic  has  bound  us, 
Thy  wand  for  one  moment  we  fondly  would  claim, 
Entranced  while  it  summons  the  phantoms  around  us 
That  blush  into  life  at  the  sound  of  thy  name. 

33.  Cicero,  even  though  he  had  the  choice  of  a  home  and  the  pros- 
pect of  a  return  from  banishment,  roamed  disconsolate  through  the 
cities  of  Greece,  because  he  was  debarred  access  to  the  senate-house 
and  forum. 

34.  We  shall  be  very  WTong  if  we  suppose  that  fine  expressions,  or 
rounded  periods,  or  figures  of  speech  were  the  credentials  by  which 
Chrysostom  claimed  to  be  the  first  doctor  of  the  East. 

35.  The  long  prevalent  theory,  that  the  romances  of  the  Twelve 
Peers  of  France  all  originated  in  the  fabulous  chronicle  of  Charlemagne 
and  Roland,  written  by  Archbishop  Turpin  in  the  twelfth  century,  if 
not  as  yet  generally  exploded,  is  nevertheless  fast  losing  ground. 

36.  As  day  was  drawing  to  a  close,  and  the  rays  of  the  setting  sun 
climbed  slowly  up  the  dungeon  wall,  the  prisoner  sat  reading  in  a  heavy 
tome. 

37.  While  we  were  at  breakfast,  a  personage  stalked  into  the  room, 
whose  strange  appearance  arrested  my  attention,  and  gave  subject 
for  future  conversation  to  our  party. 

38.  Through  a  valley  which,  as  tourists  tell  us,  rose  and  fell  through 
a  succession  of  wild  crags  and  distant  peaks,  the  traveler  journeyed 
till  at  length  he  reached  a  cultivated  tract,  and  then  a  forest  region. 

39.  That  the  sight  of  a  steamship  would  have  amazed  the  first 
colonist  who  came  to  our  shores  cannot  be  doubted  by  anybody  who 
has  noticed  the  wonder  displayed  by  men  of  our  own  day  when  they 
come  upon  new  inventions  for  the  first  time. 

40.  The  poor  man  refused  the  proffered  help  because  he  could  not 
persuade  himself  but  that  those  who  offered  him  money  needed  it  as 
sorely  as  himself. 

41.  I  did  not  know  that  the  worry  written  on  my  countenance  had 
aroused  the  attention  of  any  of  my  friends  until  one  day  last  month, 
when  one  of  my  more  intimate  acquaintances  directly  taxed  me  with 
my  gloomy  looks,  and  frankly  inquired  the  cause  of  them. 

42.  It  is  very  observable  that,  in  spite  of  the  indescribable  confusion 
of  the  populations  through  which  he  passed,  Christian  zeal  and  charity 
did  not  allow  their  personal  sufferings  to  interfere  with  the  homage 
and  respect  due  from  them  to  the  presence  of  so  illustrious  a  confessor 
as  was  John  Chrysostom. 


42  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

43.  As  soon  as  the  distant  roar  reached  their  ears,  the  inhabitants 
of  the  little  village  were  filled  with  consternation,  because  they  knew 
that  that  hoarse  sound  was  the  rush  of  waters  from  the  upper  dam. 

44.  The  colonists  declared  that,  since  they  had  no  representative  in 
the  English  legislative  bodies,  those  bodies  had  no  right  to  impose 
taxes  on  them. 

45.  If  his  patients  had  been  more  discerning,  they  would  have  dis- 
covered that  the  great  physician  cured  more  by  his  kindness  than  by 
his  skill  in  medicine. 

46.  When  the  great  earthquake  wrecked  San  Francisco,  buildings, 
which  had  been  raised  on  made  ground,  were  readily  shaken  to  pieces 

47.  I  know  not  whither  his  hobby  would  have  carried  the  old  gentle^ 
man,  had  not  a  thin  man  with  a  black,  seedy  coat,  who  sat  at  my 
elbow,  at  that  moment  interrupted  him. 

48.  It  is  over  this  little  territory,  which  is  thus  bounded  and  desig- 
nated, that  the  great  dome  of  St.  Paul's  looks  down  with  an  air  of 
motherly  protection. 

49.  Affairs  were  at  this  pass  when,  one  afternoon,  as  the  notary  sat 
moping  in  his  office,  a  loud  knocking  at  the  door  awaked  him  from  his 
gloomy  reverie. 

50.  The  scene  was  enlivened  by  the  dashing  of  a  swollen  mountain 
brook,  whose  course  we  followed  for  miles  down  the  valley,  as  it  leaped 
onward  to  its  journey's  end. 


EXERCISE  XIX 

Model. — Truth,  crushed  to  earth,  shall  rise  again; 
But  Error,  wounded,  writhes  in  pain, 
And  dies  among  his  worshipers. 

Remark. — It  is  evident  that  this  sentence  contains  three 
finite  verbs,  and  is  therefore  more  than  a  simple  sentence. 
Upon  examination  of  the  clauses,  and  a  recurrence  to  the 
definitions,  we  will  find  that  all  the  clauses  are  independent. 
The  sentence  i^,  therefore,  compound. 

Practice. — Examine  the  following  sentences;  explain  why 
they  are  compound. 

1.  Come,  and  see  my  beautiful  flowers* 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  43 

2.  Trust  men,  and  they  will  be  true  to  you;  treat  them  gently,  and 
(hey  will  show  themselves  great. 

3.  I  was  too  late  for  the  train,  so  I  returned  home. 

4.  Clever  men  are  desirable,  but  good  men  are  more  desirable. 

5.  I  have  found  you  an  argument,  but  I  am  not  obliged  to  find  you 
an  understanding. 

6.  A  tart  temper  never  mellows  with  age,  and  a  sharp  tongue  grows 
keener  with  constant  use. 

7.  A  moral,  sensible,  and  well-bred  man 
Will  not  affront  me,  and  no  other  can. 

8.  The  hearts  of  men  are  their  books,  events  their  tutors,  and  great 
actions  are  their  eloquence. 

9.  The  boat  reappeared,  but  brother  and  sister  had  gone  down  in 
an  embrace  never  to  be  parted. 

10.  Night's  silvery  veil  hung  low  on  Jordan's  bosom,  and  the  eddies 
cm-led  their  glassy  rings  beneath  it. 

11.  The  wise  man's  eyes  are  in  his  head,  but  the  fool  walketh  in 
darkness. 

12.  Straws  swim  upon  the  surface,  but  pearls  lie  at  the  bottom. 

13.  Reading  maketh  a  full  man;    conversation,  a  ready  man;    and 
writing,  an  exact  man. 

14.  Great  nature  spoke;  observant  man  obeyed; 
Cities  were  formed;  societies  were  made. 

15.  Caesar  was  an  able  commander,  and  had  the  support  of  devoted 
legions. 

16.  This  is  the  arsenal;  from  floor  to  ceiling. 
Like  a  huge  organ,  rise  the  burnished  arms. 

17.  Ring  out  the  old,  ring  in  the  new. 
Ring,  happy  bells,  across  the  snow; 
The  year  is  going,  let  him  go; 
Ring  out  the  false,  ring  in  the  true. 

18.  Now  fades  the  glimmering  landscape  on  the  sight. 
And  all  the  air  a  solemn  stillness  holds. 

19.  The  snow  lay  in  great  heaps  in  the  deep  ravines,  and  chilly  winds 
svhistled  and  moaned  through  the  naked  tree-tops. 

20.  Men  may  come,  and  men  may  go,  but  I  go  on  forever. 

21.  But  we  steadfastly  gazed  on  the  face  of  the  dead. 
And  we  bitterly  thought  of  the  morrow. 

22.  Neither  locks  had  they  to  their  doors,  nor  bars  to  their  windows. 
But  their  dwellings  were  open  as  day  and  the  hearts  of  the  owners. 


44  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

23.  Charcoal  and  the  diamond  are  very  unlike,  yet  they  are  composed 
of  the  very  same  substance. 

24.  The  army  of  the  enemy  swept  over  the  face  of  that  fairyland, 
and  in  its  path  followed  famine  and  pestilence. 

25.  No  two  watches  go  just  alike,  yet  each  believes  his  own. 

26.  The  way  was  long,  the  wind  was  cold. 
The  minstrel  was  infirm  and  old. 

27.  White  as  a  sea-fog,  landward  boimd, 
The  spectral  camp  was  seen. 

And,  with  a  sorrowful,  deep  soimd, 
The  river  flowed  between. 

28.  Through  the  long  reach  of  desert  woods. 
The  embracing  sunbeams  chastely  play. 
And  gladden  these  deep  sohtudes. 

29.  Heaven's  wide  arch 
Was  glorious  with  the  sun's  returning  march, 
And  woods  were  brightened,  and  soft  gales 
Went  forth  to  kiss  the  sun-clad  vales. 

30.  They  buried  the  dark  chief;  they  freed 
Beside  the  grave  his  battle  steed; 
And  swift  an  arrow  cleaved  its  way 
To  his  stern  heart. 

31.  You  go  one  way;   I  will  go  the  other. 

32.  Colder  and  louder  blew  the  wind, 

A  gale  from  the  Northeast, 
The  snow  fell  hissing  in  the  brine. 
And  the  billows  frothed  like  yeast. 

33.  At  last  young  April,  ever  frail  and  fair. 
In  tears  and  blushes  sighs  herself  away. 

And  hides  her  cheek  beneath  the  flowers  of  May. 

34.  The  curtain  rose;    in  thunders  long  and  loud 
The  galleries  rung;   the  veteran  actor  bowed. 

35.  The  food  was  scant,  the  fruits  were  few; 

A  red-streak  glistening  here  and  there; 
Perchance  in  statelier  precincts  grew 
Some  stern  old  Puritanic  pear. 

36.  But  ever  on  the  bleakest  rock  '  "".-^^ 

We  bid  the  brightest  beacon  glow. 
And  still  upon  the  thorniest  stock 
The  sweetest  roses  love  to  blow. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  45 

37.  The  creature  laid  his  muzzle  on  your  lap, 

And  sobbed,  and  you  sobbed  with  it,  and  the  blood 
Was  sprinkled  on  your  kirtle,  and  you  wept. 

38.  The  monks  were  not  dreamy  sentimentalists  to  fall  in  love  with 
melancholy  winds,  and  purling  rills,  and  waterfalls,  and  nodding  groves; 
but  their  poetry  was  the  poetry  of  hard  work  and  hard  fare,  unselfish 
hearts  and  charitable  hands. 

39.  Sturm  was  seized  with  a  desire  of  founding  a  religious  house  in 
the  wilds  of  pagan  Germany;  and  setting  out  with  two  companions,  he 
wandered  for  two  days  through  the  Buchonian  forest,  and  saw  nothing 
but  earth,  sky,  and  large  trees. 

40.  Anon  the  bell  from  the  belfry 
Rang  out  the  hour  of  nine,  the  village  curfew,  and  straightway 
Rose  the  guests,  and  departed;  and  silence  reigned  in  the  house- 
hold. 


EXERCISE  XX 

Model. — Attack  is  the  reaction,  and  I  never  think  that  I 
have  hit  hard  unless  the  missile  rebounds. 

Remark. — It  is  evident  from  a  reference  to  the  definitions 
that  this  is  a  compound-complex  sentence. 

Practice. — Explain  why  each  of  the  following  is  a  com- 
pound-complex sentence;  point  out  the  independent  clauses, 
and  the  order  of  dependence  in  the  dependent  clauses. 

1.  Whittier  lives  at  Amesbury  near  the  beautiful  Merrimac  that  he 
loved  in  his  youth,  and  he  will  probably  remain  there  till  he  dies. 

2.  Since  the  invention  of  the  telegraph,  East  exchanges  thoughts 
with  West  every  day,  and  all  the  world  are  neighbors. 

3.  Upon  the  hearth  blazed  a  handful  of  fagots,  whose  bright  flame 
danced  merrily  among  a  motley  congregation  of  pots  and  kettles,  and 
a  long  wreath  of  smoke  wound  lazily  up  through  the  huge  tunnel  of 
the  roof  above. 

4.  The  walls  were  black  with  soot,  and  ornamented  with  sundry 
legs  of  bacon  and  festoons  of  sausages;  and  as  there  were  no  windows 
in  the  dingy  abode,  the  only  light  which  cheered  the  darkness  within 
came  flickering  from  the  fire  upon  the  hearth,  and  the  smoky  sun- 
beams that  peeped  down  the  long-necked  chimney. 


46  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

5.  Our  conversation  was  cut  short  by  the  driver  of  the  diligence, 
who  came  to  tell  us  that  the  mules  were  waiting;  and  before  many 
hours  had  elapsed,  we  were  scrambling  through  the  square  of  the 
ancient  city  of  Burgos. 

6.  The  tesselated  shadow  of  the  honeysuckle  lies  motionless  upon 
the  floor,  as  if  it  were  a  figure  in  the  carpet,  and  through  the  open 
window  comes  the  fragrance  of  the  wild-brier  and  the  mock-orange. 

7.  The  birds  are  caroling  in  the  trees,  and  their  shadows  flit  across 
the  window  as  they  dart  to  and  fro  in  the  sunlight. 

8.  The  ruins  of  Christian  castle  and  Moorish  alcazar  still  look  forth 
from  the  hills  of  Spain;  but  where,  oh,  where  is  the  spirit  of  freedom 
that  once  fired  the  children  of  the  Goth? 

9.  A  tailor's  drawer  is  the  title  which  the  Spaniards  give  to  a  desul- 
tory discourse,  and  it  is  not  an  inappropriate  caption  for  a  chapter 
whose  contents  are  of  every  shape  and  hue. 

10.  My  apartments  were  in  the  third  story  above  the  dust,  though 
not  above  the  rattle  of  the  street ;  and  my  balconies  looked  down  into 
the  Puerta  del  Sol,  the  heart  of  Madrid,  through  which  circulates  the 
living  current  of  its  population  at  least  once  every  twenty-four  hours. 

11.  Glorious  is  it,  when  the  eagle  through  the  beating  tempes^  flies 
into  the  bright  blue  heaven  upward;  but  far  more  glorious,  when, 
poising  in  the  blue  sky  over  the  black  storm-abyss,  he  plunges  down- 
ward to  his  aerie  on  the  cliff  where  cower  his  unfledged  brood. 

12.  The  mob  threatened  to  beat  even  the  soldiers  of  the  prefecture; 
and  boasted  that  many  were  the  prefect's  soldiers  before  now  whom 
they  had  badly  worsted. 

13.  The  mayor  of  the  city  also  heard  what  was  going  on,  and  he 
hastened  to  the  point  of  danger;  but  the  infuriated  men  would  not 
listen  to  his  entreaties,  and  he  too  was  unsuccessful. 

14.  Evet'iius  dismounted,  and  got  hold  of  me;  and  thus  I  was  assisted 
or  rather  di-agged  forward;  for  I  could  not  possibly  walk  on  such  diflicult 
ground,  amid  formidable  mountains,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  light. 

15.  Joy  smiles  in  the  fountain,  health  flows  in  the  rills, 
As  their  ribbons  of  silver  unfold  from  the  hills; 
They  breathe  not  the  mist  of  the  bacchanal's  dream. 
But  the  lilies  of  innocence  float  on  their  stream. 

16.  The  apothecary  is  a  great  reader  of  almanacs  and  newspapers, 
and  is  much  given  to  pore  over  alarming  accounts  of  plots,  conspira- 
cies, fires,  earthquakes,  and  volcanic  eruptions;  which  last  phenomena 
he  considers  as  signs  of  the  times. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  47 

17.  The  oracle  of  the  chib  is  the  tailor  and  his  declarations  are  dis- 
puted but  seldom  even  by  the  cheesemonger,  who  lives  in  a  fragment 
of  one  of  the  old  family  mansions,  and  is  as  magnificently  lodged  as  a 
round-bellied  mite  in  the  midst  of  one  of  his  own  Cheshires. 

18.  The  inn-keeper's  ancestors  were  all  wags  before  him,  and  he  has 
inherited  with  the  inn  a  large  stock  of  songs  and  jokes,  which  go  from 
generation  to  generation  as  heirlooms. 

19.  There  is  an  exaggeration  in  the  Spanish  ballads  of  the  Twelve 
Peers  of  Charlemagne,  which  is  in  accordance  with  the  warmth  of  a 
Spanish  imagination;  and  the  presence  of  this  exaggeration  is  perhaps 
one  of  the  reasons  why  the  ballads  are  still  hawked  about  the  streets 
by  the  blind  ballad-monger. 

20.  I  had  already  seen  enough  of  the  villages  of  the  North  to  know 
that  they  have  few  charms  to  entice  one  from  the  city;  but  I  was 
curious  to  see  how  like  the  peasants  of  the  South  would  be  to  the 
pictures  I  had  formed  of  them. 

21.  Instead  of  trim  cottages,  built  in  the  grateful  shade  of  trees,  the 
traveler  will  see  a  cluster  of  stone  hovels  baking  in  the  sun;  and 
instead  of  green  meadows  and  woodlands  vocal  with  the  song  of  birds, 
he  will  find  bleak  and  rugged  mountains  that  stretch  away  beyond  his 
ken. 

22.  Speak  clearly,  if  you  speak  at  all; 
Carve  every  word  before  you  let  it  fall. 

23.  It  is  another's  fault,  if  he  be  ungrateful;  but  it  is  mine,  if  I  do 
not  give. 

24.  A  little  weeping  would  ease  my  heart 
But  in  their  briny  bed 

My  tears  must  stop,  for  every  drop 
Hinders  needle  and  thread. 

25.  Sin  has  many  tools,  but  a  lie  is  a  handle  which  fits  them  all. 

26.  The  children  laugh  loud  as  they  troop  at  his  call, 

And  the  poor  man  that  knows  him  laughs  loudest  of  all. 

27.  Thus  came  the  jocund  spring  in  Killingworth, 

In  fabulous  days  sonxe  hundred  years  ago; 
And  thrifty  farmers,  as  they  tilled  the  earth, 

Heard  with  alarm  the  cawing  of  the  crow, 
ITiat  mingled  with  the  universal  mirth. 

28.  The  hour  was  late;  the  fire  burned  low; 
The  Landlord's  eyes  were  closed  in  sleep, 
And  near  the  story's  end  a  deep 


48  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

Sonorous  sound  at  times  was  heard, 
As  when  the  distant  bagpipes  blow. 

29.  Then  one  by  one  the  guests  came  down, 
And  greeted  with  a  smile  the  squire, 
Who  sat  before  the  parlor  fire. 

30.  Chrysostom  reached  his  place  of  exile  faint  and  exhausted  in 
body  and  soul;  but,  as  was  usual  with  him,  he  soon  rallied,  and  began 
to  color  everything  about  him  with  his  own  sweet,  cheerful,  thankful 
temper. 

31.  Now  through  rushing  chutes,  among  green  islands,  where  plume- 

Uke 
Cotton-trees  nodded  their  shadowy  crests,  they  swept  with  the 

current. 
Then  emerged  into  broad  lagoons,  where  silvery  sandbars 
Lay  in  the  stream. 

32.  The  day  was  passed  with  any  idle  companion  I  was  lucky  enough 
to  bribe  with  a  cigar  into  a  long  story,  and  I  whiled  away  the  evening 
studying  the  landscape  that  spread  before  me. 

33.  When  the  chant  was  finished,  the  priest  opened  a  little  book 
which  he  held  in  his  hand,  and  began  to  question  the  children  in  the 
catechism. 

34.  Nearly  seventy  days  I  spent  on  the  journey,  and  at  length  I 
reached  this  village,  which  is  the  most  desolate  place  in  the  whole 
world. 

35.  Speak  the  speech,  I  pray  you,  as  I  pronounced  it  to  you,  trip- 
pingly on  the  tongue;  but,  if  you  mouth  it,  as  many  of  your  players 
do,  I  had  as  lief  the  town-crier  spoke  my  lines. 

36.  I  believe  that  I  have  suffered  the  worst  that  it  is  possible  for 
me  to  suffer,  and  I  ask  you  this  favor, — ^that  you  write  frequently  for 
my  consolation  in  exile. 

37.  Two  eminent  statesmen,  who  were  brave  enough  to  side  with 
the  fallen  favorite,  were  first  imprisoned,  and  then  sent  into  banishment. 

38.  One  of  the  lectors,  a  delicate  youth,  was  put  on  the  rack,  torn 
with  hooks,  scourged,  and  then  scorched  with  torches  until  he  died. 

39.  I  did  not  quarrel  with  the  man  because  he  differed  with  me  in 
opinion,  but  I  could  not  help  feeling  sad  that  so  brilliant  a  mind  was 
being  wasted  on  tribes.  "     ..  ^ 

40.  On  Sundays  and  all  other  holidays,  when  Mass  was  over,  the 
time  was  devoted  to  sports  and  recreation;  and  the  day  was  passed  in 
social  visiting  and  athletic  exercises. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  49 

41.  Let  them  come,  if  they  Kke,  and  the  sooner  they  try  it  the  better. 

42.  The  Khan  from  his  palace-window  gazed. 
And  saw  in  the  thronging  street  beneath, 
In  the  hght  of  the  setting  sun  that  blazed 
Through  the  clouds  of  dust  by  the  caravan  raised, 
The  flash  of  harness  and  jeweled  sheath, 

And  the  shining  scimiters  of  the  guard. 

43.  Most  of  the  tales  were  about  the  Moors  who  built  the  castle, 
and  many  of  them  concerned  the  treasure  they  had  buried  beneath  it. 

44.  Serapion,  Bishop  of  Heraclea,  who  had  made  himself  especially 
obnoxious  to  the  schismatical  party,  was  scourged,  tortured,  and 
banished. 

45.  The  corner  towers  are  circular,  with  beetling  turrets;  and  hero 
and  there,  apart  from  the  main  body  of  the  castle,  stand  several  cir- 
cular basements,  whose  towers  have  fallen  and  moldered  into  dust. 

46.  The  Primate  endeavored  to  secure  the  nomad  Goths  a  successor 
for  their  Bishop,  who  was  lately  dead;  and  he  wrote  on  this  subject 
to  some  of  their  race,  who  were  in  a  monastery  at  Constantinople. 

47.  Not  only  are  the  poet's  lips  touched  with  a  coal  from  the  altar; 
but  his  spirit  is  folded  in  the  cloud  of  incense  that  rises  from  the  shrines 
of  the  Virgin  Mother,  and  of  the  glorious  company  of  the  saints  and 
martyrs. 

48.  As  died  the  sounds  upon  the  tide. 

The  shallop  reached  the  mainland  side. 
And  ere  his  onward  way  he  took. 
The  stranger  cast  a  lingering  look. 
Where  easily  his  eye  might  reach 
The  harper  on  the  islet  beach, 
Reclined  against  a  blighted  tree 
As  wasted,  gray,  and  worn  as  he. 

49.  This  noble  man  redeemed  from  slavery  many  who  had  been  taken 
captives  by  the  sea-robbers,  and  sent  them  to  their  homes. 

50.  And  when  the  kings  were  in  the  field, — their  squadrons  in  array, — 
With  lance  in  rest  they  onward  pressed  to  mingle  in  the  fray; 
But  soon  upon  the  Christians  fell  a  terror  of  their  foes, — 
These  were  a  numerous  army, — a  little  handful  those. 

51.  The  war  pipes  ceased,  but  lake  and  hill 
Were  busy  with  their  echoes  still ; 
And,  when  they  slept,  a  vocal  strain 
Bade  their  hoarse  chorus  wake  again. 


50  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

52.  The  stranger  made  a  leg,  and  accepted  these  signs  of  good  com- 
pany with  the  easy  air  of  a  man  who  is  accustomed  to  earn  his  liveli- 
hood by  hook  or  by  crook. 

53.  Nothing  that  my  persecutors  have  been  able  to  do  has  availed 
to  destroy  me;  but  I  am  in  much  better  health  than  I  was  formerly, 
though  I  then  took  such  care  of  myself. 

54.  The  notion  prevailed  that  the  colonies  might  be  utilized  for 
clearing  the  mother-country  of  jail-birds  and  paupers,  and  it  remained 
for  the  Plymouth  settlers  to  demonstrate  that  only  the  honest  and 
thrifty  can  work  out  the  salvation  of  a  wilderness. 

55.  Her  lever  was  the  wand  of  art, 
Her  fulcrum  was  the  human  heart. 

Whence  aJl  unfailing  aid  is. 

56.  The  villages  we  passed  through  were  poverty-stricken  and  half- 
depopulated;  and  the  squalid  inhabitants  wore  a  look  of  misery  that 
made  the  heart  ache. 

57.  Yes,  he  was  a  great  and  good  man;  nor  is  there  anything  in  his 
life^  as  it  has  come  down  to  us,  to  forbid  our  saying  that  he  was  as 
genuine  a  hero  as  many  whose  names  are  written  large  on  the  pages 
of  history. 

5S.  Some  feelings  are  to  mortals  given. 

With  less  of  earth  in  them  than  heaven; 

And  if  there  be  a  human  tear 

From  passion's  dross  refined  and  clear, 

A  tear  so  limpid  and  so  meek. 

It  would  not  stain  an  angel's  cheek, 

'Tis  that  which  pious  fathers  shed 

Upon  a  duteous  daughter's  head. 

59.  It  was  Saturday  night ;  and,  as  the  gathering  twilight  fell  around 
us,  a  loud  peal  of  bells  rang  forth  its  glad  welcome  to  the  day  of  rest. 

60.  The  hermit  made  the  sign  of  the  cross  over  her,  and  she  re- 
turned home  healed  in  body  and  soul,  and,  either  at  once,  or  as  time 
went  on,  gave  herself  up  to  an  ascetic  life. 

61.  While  his  parents  lived  Theodoret  lived  with  them,  and  lived  as 
became  one  who  had  been  dedicated  from  the  first  to  a  divine  life. 

62.  Generations  perish,  like  the  leaves  of  the  forest,  passing  away 
when  their  mission  is  completed;  but  at  each  succeeding  spring,  broader 
and  higher  spreads  the  human  mind  unto  its  perfect  stature. 

63.  I  stood  at  midnight  on  the  wide  terrace  of  our  hotel,  which  over- 
looks the  sea,  and,  gazing  on  the  tiny  and  crisping  waves  that  broke 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  51 

ID  pearly  light  beneath  the  moon,  I  sent  back  my  wandering  thoughts 
far  over  the  sea  to  a  distant  home. 

64.  Sir  Roderick,  who  to  meet  them  came, 
Reddened  at  sight  of  Malcolm  Graeme 
Yet  not  in  action,  word,  or  eye, 
Failed  aught  in  hospitality. 

65.  The  Mynheers  would  have  told  you  to  be  cautious  what  you 

said. 
Or  else  decreed  that  silver  tongue  of  yours  should  cost  your  head. 

66.  But  while  Geraint  lay  healing  of  his  hurt. 

The  blameless  king  went  forth  and  cast  his  eyes 
On  each  of  all  whom  Uther  left  in  charge. 

67.  I  descended  from  the  terrace,  and,  groping  my  way  through 
one  of  the  dark  and  narrow  lanes  wliich  intersect  the  city  in  all  direc- 
tions, soon  found  myself  in  the  Strada  Nuova. 

68.  The  Roman  State  had  adopted  Christianity  as  its  religion,  but 
the  populations  which  the  State  embraced  had  still  to  be  converted. 

69.  A  dazzling  blaze  of  light  from  the  high  altar  shone  upon  the  red 
marble  columns  which  support  the  roof,  and  fell  with  a  solemn  effect 
upon  the  kneeling  crowd  that  filled  the  body  of  the  church. 

70.  Thereafter,  when  a  King,  he  had  the  gems 

Plucked  from  the  crown,  and  showed  them  to  his  knights. 

71.  In  talk  and  sport  they  whiled  away 
The  morning  of  that  summer  day; 
But  at  high  noon  a  courier  light 
Held  secret  parley  with  the  knight, 
Whose  moody  aspect  soon  declared. 
That  evil  were  the  news  he  heard. 

72.  I  go  the  patient  crowd  to  join 

That  round  the  tube  my  eyes  discern. 
The  last  new-comer  of  the  file, 
And  wait,  and  wait,  a  weary  while. 

73.  The  houses  in  Genoa  are  high,  and  the  streets  in  general  so  nar- 
row that  in  many  of  them  you  may  almost  step  across  from  side  to  side. 

74.  Midsummer  has  come ;  and  you  may  now  hire  a  palace  for  what, 
a  few  weeks  ago,  would  hardly  have  paid  your  night's  lodging  in  its 
garret. 

75.  That  country  was,  and  is,  we  are  told,  endowed  with  a  rich 
loamy  soil,  as  fine  as  garden  mold,  in  which  it  is  difficult  to  find  even 
a  pebble. 


52  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

76.  ''Brave  Roderick,  though  the  tempest  roar, 

It  may  but  thunder  and  pass  o'er; 

Nor  will  I  here  remain  an  hour, 

To  draw  the  lightning  on  thy  bower." 

77.  And  when  King  Arthur  made 
His  Table  Round,  and  all  men's  hearts  became 
Clean  for  a  season,  surely  he  had  thought 
That  now  the  Holy  Grail  would  come  again; 
But  sin  broke  out. 

78.  Such  was  the  mansion  where  the  great  man  dwelt, 
A  widower  and  childless;  and  he  felt 

The  loneliness,  the  uncongenial  gloom, 
That  hke  a  presence  haunted  every  room. 

79.  To  the  fertility  of  this  plain  three  streams  contribute;  and  were 
it  not  oppressed  by  a  stupid  barbarian  rule,  and  trampled  under  foot 
by  the  nomad  Turcomans,  Kurds,  and  Arabs,  it  would  be  able,  as 
travelers  report,  to  grow  grain  enough  for  the  whole  of  Syria. 

80.  At  midnight,  when  the  crowd  is  gone,  I  retire  to  my  chamber, 
and,  poring  over  the  gloomy  pages  of  Dante,  protract  my  nightly  vigil 
until  the  morning  star  is  in  the  sky. 

81.  Yet  slow  he  laid  his  plaid  aside. 
And,  lingering,  eyed  his  lovely  bride, 
Until  he  saw  the  starting  tear 
Speak  woe  he  might  not  stop  to  cheer. 

82.  On  our  way  to  town  we  had  to  pass  a  little  river,  and,  while 
we  were  on  the  bridge  that  spanned  it,  we  heard  the  church  bells  ring- 
ing merrily. 

83.  I  have  no  time  to  push  my  argument  further,  but  I  have  said 
enough  to  prove  that  education  is  something  more  than  mere  book- 
learning. 

84.  The  man  had  been  a  solitary  for  many  years,  and  could  dispense 
with  the  company  of  his  fellows;  but,  if  he  must  give  up  his  seclusion 
for  company,  he  might  naturally  wish  that  company  to  be  good  of 
its  kind. 

85.  A  friend  from  my  native  land  was  with  me;  and,  as  we  spake 
of  home,  a  liquid  star  stood  trembling  like  a  tear  upon  the  closing 
eyelid  of  the  day.  _ 

86.  A  soldier  walked  to  and  fro  on  guard,  and  of  him  I  asked  at 
what  hoiu"  the  regiment  would  drill. 

87.  Had  Theodoret  been  kept  back  at  Antioch  for  halt  a  dozen 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  53 

years,  he  might  have  followed  Chrysostom  to  Constantinople,  and  have 
been  placed  upon  its  patriarchal  throne,  instead  of  the  unhappy 
Nestorius. 

88.  The  moon  is  full  and  bright,  and  the  shadows  lie  so  dark  and 
massive  in  the  street  that  they  seem  a  part  of  the  walls  which  cast 
them. 

89.  I  gave  the  spaniel  a  morsel  of  bread,  which  he  swallowed  without 
80  much  as  moving  his  long  silken  ears;  and  keeping  his  soft,  beautiful 
eyes  fixed  upon  mine,  he  thumped  upon  the  floor,  as  if  knocking  for 
the  waiter  of  the  inn. 

90.  The  scene  of  half  the  Aeneid  is  spread  before  you;  and  it  would 
take  volumes  to  describe  each  point  that  arrests  the  eye  in  this  mag- 
nificent panorama. 

91.  In  that  little  village  the  young  man  did  his  best;  but  where 
in  such  an  out  of  the  way  place  could  he  find  the  listeners,  the  ap- 
plause, the  fame,  which  awaited  him,  he  was  sure,  in  the  capital? 

92.  As  oft  we  see  the  sky  in  May 
Threaten  to  rain,  and  yet  not  rain, 
The  Poet's  face,  before  so  gay. 
Was  clouded  with  a  look  of  pain, 
But  suddenly  brightened  up  again. 

93.  He  climbed  to  the  top  of  the  mountain,  and  looked  down  into 
the  valley  on  the  other  side  where  the  smoke  from  villages,  and  towns, 
and  cities  told  him  of  the  bustling  life  in  which  he  had  never  mingled. 

94.  When  they  had  drunk  the  King,  with  many  a  cheer. 
The  Grovernor  whispered  in  a  servant's  ear. 

Who  disappeared,  and  presently  there  stood 
Within  the  room,  in  perfect  womanhood, 
A  maiden,  modest  and  yet  self-possessed. 

95.  As  I  stood  leaning  over  the  balcony  of  the  convent,  giving 
myself  up  to  those  reflections  which  the  scene  inspired,  one  of  the 
brotherhood  came  from  a  neighboring  cell,  and  entered  into  conversa- 
tion with  me. 

96.  The  vesper  bell  tolled,  and,  ere  its  echoes  died  away  along  the 
hills,  another  angel  had  been  added  to  the  hosts  that  kneel  in  adora- 
tion around  the  great  White  Throne. 

97.  The  setting  sun  seemed  to  melt  away  in  the  sky,  dissolving  into 
a  golden  rain  that  bathed  the  whole  Campagna  with  unearthly  splendor, 
and  Rome  in  the  distance,  half-hidden,  half-revealed,  lay  floating  like 
a  mote  in  the  broad  and  misty  sunbeam. 


54  FUNDAMENTAL,   ENGLISn 

98.  In  the  fifth  century,  Bishops  were  great  secular  magistrates  and, 
whether  they  would  or  no,  were  involved  in  secular  occupations. 

99.  Beneath  you  winds  the  lordly  Danube,  and  all  around,  the 
landscape  is  bounded  by  forest-covered  hills  which  are  topped  by  the 
moldering  fragments  of  feudal  castles,  or  the  tapering  spires  of  vil- 
lage churches. 

100.  When  I  stood  by  the  seashore,  and  listened  to  the  melancholy 
and  familiar  roar  of  its  waves,  it  seemed  but  a  step  from  the  threshold 
of  a  foreign  land  to  the  fireside  of  home;  and  when  I  watched  the  out- 
bound sail,  fading  over  the  water's  edge,  and  losing  itself  in  the  blue 
mists  of  the  sea,  my  heart  went  with  it,  and  I  turned  away  fancy-sick 
with  the  blessings  of  home  and  the  endearments  of  domestic  love. 


PART    III 

SENTENCE-BUILDING 

*  EXERCISE  I 
Model: 

Ind.  Pres.  — I  study  English. 

Imp.  — I  studied  English. 

Perf.  — I  have  studied  English. 

Plup.  — I  had  studied  English. 

Fut.  — I  shall  or  will  study  English. 

Fut.  Perf.  — I  shall  or  will  have  studied  English. 
Pot.  Pres.  — I  may,  can  study  EngUsh. 

Imp.  — I  might,  could,  would  study  EngHsh. 

Perf.  — I  may,  can,  must  have  studied  English. 

Plup.         — I  might,  could,  would,  should  have  studied 
EngUsh. 
Practice. — Change    verb    of    following    simple    sentences 
through  all  the  active  tenses  of  the  Indicative  and  Potential 
Moods. 

1.  Thou  workest  hard. 

2.  The  President  governs  this  country. 

3.  We  love  peace. 

4.  You  hate  your  foes. 

5.  The  soldiers  carry  weapons. 

6.  The  old  volcano  shows  signs  of  life. 

*  Exercises  1-14  are  not  really  exercises  in  sentence-structure,  but 
rather  preliminaries  to  that  work  which  have  been  found  necessary  in 
many  classes,  and  which  are  inserted  here  at  the  request  of  practical 
teachers.  Where  they  are  not  needed,  teachers  may  omit  them,  and 
begin  with  Exercise  15. 

55 


66  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

7.  Learned  men  command  respect. 

8.  We  do  not  fear  boasters. 

9.  You  admire  the  deeds  of  the  brave. 

10.  Thou  seekest  worthless  treasures. 

11.  I  own  those  splendid  horses. 

12.  Patriots  love  their  flag. 

EXERCISE  II 
Model: 
Ind.  Pres.         — ^I  am  studying  English. 
Imp.  •        — I  was  studying  English. 
Perf.         — I  have  been  studying  English. 
Plup.         — I  had  been  studying  English. 
Fut.  — I  shall  or  will  be  studying  English. 

Fut.  Perf. — I  shall  or  will  have  been  studying  English. 
Pot.  Pres.         — I  may  be,  I  can  be  studying  English. 

Imp.         — I  might  be,  could  be,  would  be  studying 

EngHsh. 
Perf.         — ^I  may,  can,  must  have  been  studying  Eng- 
Hsh. 
Plup.        — I  might,  could,  would,  should  have  been 
studying  English. 
Practice. — Change  the  verbs  of  each  of  the  sentences  of  Ex. 
I  to  Pres.  Ind.  of  this  compound  form  and  then  change  this 
Pres.  Ind.  through  all  the  tenses  of  the  Ind.  and  Pot.  Act., — 
as  in  model. 


EXERCISE  III 

Model: 

Ind.  Pres. 

—Do  I  study  English? 

Imp. 

—Did  I  study  English? 

Perf. 

— Have  I  studied  English? 

Plup. 

—Had  I  studied  EngUsh?      — 

Fut. 

—Shall  I  or  will  I  study  Enghsh? 

Fut.  Perf.— Shall  I  or  will  I  have  studied  EngUsh? 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  67* 

Pot.  Pres.         — May  I,  can  I  study  English? 

Imp.         — Might  I,  could  I,  would  I  study  English? 
Perf.         — May  I,  can  I,  must  I  have  been  studying 

English? 
Plup.         — Might  I,  could  I,  should  I,  would  I  have 
been  studying  English? 
Practice. — Change  the  verbs  of  each  sentence  in  Ex.  I  to  the 
interrogative  form  of  the  Pres.  Ind.  and  then  change  this 
Pres.  Ind.  through  all  the  tenses  of  the  Indicative  and  Poten- 
tial-— as  in  model. 

EXERCISE  IV 
Model: 
Ind.  Pres.         — John  is  praised  by  all  his  friends. 
Imp.  — John  was  praised  by  all  his  friends. 

Perf.  — John  has  been  praised  by  all  his  friends. 
Plup.  — John  had  been  praised  by  all  his  friends. 
Fut.  — John  shall  or  will  be  praised  by  all  his  friends. 

Fut.  Perf. — John  shall  or  will  have  been  praised  by  all 
his  friends. 
Pot.  Pres.         — John  may,  can  be  praised  by  all  his  friends. 
Imp.         — John  might,  could,  would,  should  be  praised 

by  all  his  friends. 
Perf.         — John  may,  can,  must  have  been  praised  by 

all  his  friends. 
Plup.        — John  might,  could,  would,  should  have  been 
praised  by  all  his  friends. 
Practice. — Change  all  the  verbs  of  the  following  sentences 
through  all  the  tenses  of  the  Indicative  and  Potential  Passive. 

1.  Carthage  is  destroyed  by  the  Romans. 

2.  We  are  hated  more  than  any  people  on  earth. 

3.  Thou  art  despised  by  all. 

4.  Americans  are  known  as  the  greatest  inventors  of  the  time. 

5.  I  am  elected  mayor  of  this  city. 


68  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

6.  Napoleon  is  called  the  greatest  general  of  the  modern  world, 

7.  Poets  are  never  honored  in  their  lifetime. 

8.  We  are  accused  of  ambition. 

9.  I  am  forbidden  the  place. 

10.  You  are  called  to  high  honors. 

EXERCISE  V 
Model: 

Ind.  Pres.        — ^John  is  being  praised  by  all  his  friends. 

Imp.        — ^John  was  being  praised  by  all  his  friends. 

Perf.        — John  has  been  being  praised  by  all  his  friends. 

Plup.        — John  had  been  being  praised  by  all  his  friends. 

Fut.         — John  shall  or  will  be  being  praised  by  all  his 

friends. 

Fut.  Perf. — John  shall  or  will  have  been  being  praised  by 

all  his  friends. 

Pot.  Pres.        — John  may,  can  be  being  praised  by  all  his 

friends. 

Imp.        — John  might,  could,  would,  should  be  being 

praised  by  all  his  friends. 

Perf.        — John  may,  can,  must  have  been  being  praised 

by  all  his  friends. 

Plup.       — John  might,  could,  would,  should  have  been 

being  praised  by  all  his  friends. 

Practice. — Change  verbs  of  all  sentences  of  Ex.  IV  through 

all  tenses  of  Indicative  and  Potential  Passive  (Compound 

Form)  as  in  model. 

EXERCISE  VI 
Model: 

Ind.  Pres.  — Is  John  praised  by  all  his  friends? 

Imp.  — Was  John  praised  by  all  his  friends? 

Perf.  — Has  John  been  praised  by  -all  his  friends? 

Plup.  — Had  John  been  praised  by  all  his  friends? 

Fut.  — Shall  or  will  John  be  praised  by  all  his  friends? 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 


59 


Fut.  Perf . — Shall  or  will  John  have  been  praised  by  all 
his  friends  ? 
— May  or  can  John  be  praised  by  all  his  friends? 
— Might,  could,  would,  should  John  be  praised 

by  all  his  friends? 
— May,  can,  must  John  have  been  praised  by 

all  his  friends? 
— Might,  could,  would,  should  John  have  been 
praised  by  all  his  friends? 
Practice. — Change  verbs  of  all  sentences  of  Ex.  IV  through 
all  tenses  of  Indicative  and  Potential  Passive  (Interrogative 
Form)  as  in  model. 


Pot.  Pres. 

Imp. 

Perf. 
Plup. 


EXERCISE  VII 


Model: 

Ind.  Pres. 

Imp. 

Perf. 

Plup. 

Fut. 

F.Perf. 

Pot.  Pres. 
Imp. 

Perf. 

Plup. 


Ord.  Form 
You  admire  the  watch. 

You  admired  the 
watch. 

You  have  admired  the 
watch. 

You  had  admired  the 
watch. 

You  shall  or  will  ad- 
mire the  watch. 

You  shall  or  will  have 
admired  the  watch. 

You  may,  can  admire 
the  watch. 

You  might,  could, 
would,  should  ad- 
mire the  watch. 

You  may,  can,  must 
have  admired  the 
watch 

You  might,  could, 
would,  should  have 
admired  the  watch. 


ACTIVE 

Comp'd  Form 

You  are  admiring  the 
watch. 

You  were  admiring  the 
watch. 

You  have  been  admir- 
ing the  watch. 

You  had  been  admir- 
ing the  watch. 

You  shall  or  will  be  ad- 
miring the  watch. 

You  shall  or  will  have 
been  admiring  the 
watch. 

You  may,  can  be  ad- 
miring the  watch. 

You  might,  could, 
would,  should  be  ad- 
miring the  watch. 

You  may,  can,  must 
have  been  admiring 
the  watch. 

You  might,  could, 
would,  should  have 
been  admiring  the 
watch. 


Interrog.  Form 
Do    you    admire    the 

watch? 
Did    you    admire    the 

watch? 
Have  you  admired  the 

watch? 
Had  you  admired  the 

watch? 
Shall  or  will  you  be  ad- 
miring the  watch? 
Shall  or  will  you  have 

admired  the  watch? 

May,  can  you  admire 
the  watch? 

Might,  could,  would, 
should  you  admire 
the  watch? 

May,  can,  must  you 
have  admired  the 
watch? 

Might,  could,  would, 
should  you  have  ad- 
mired the  watch? 


60  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

Practice. — Change  verbs  of  the  following  sentences  through 
the  tense  forms  of  the  Active  Voice  as  in  model. 

1.  I  play  on  several  instruments. 

2.  Dogs  follow  their  masters  even  to  death. 

3.  Germany  possesses  a  powerful  navy. 

4.  We  love  the  brave. 

5.  Virtue  deserves  a  reward. 

6.  Thou  pursuest  a  vain  delight. 

7.  You  prefer  wealth  to  honor. 

8.  Sailors  love  the  dark  blue  sea. 

9.  The  United  States  surpass  all  nations  in  conunerco, 
10.  A  statesman  foresees  the  crises  of  his  country. 


EXERCISE  VIII 

Model: 

PASSIVE 

Interrog.  Form 
Is  gold  found  in  Alas- 
ka? 

etc. 


Ind.  Pres. 


Ord.  Form 
Gold  is  found  in  Alas- 
ka. 

etc. 


Comp'd  Form 
Gold  is  being  found  in 
Alaska. 

etc. 


Practice. — Change  the  verbs  of  the  following  sentences 
through  the  tense  forms  oi^the  Indicative  and  Potential  Pas- 
sive. (Use  order  and  method  followed  with  active  verbs  of 
Ex.  VII.) 

1.  Heroes  are  found  in  every  land. 

2.  We  are  preserved  in  life  by  the  hand  of  God. 

3.  The  stars  are  called  the  eyes  of  heaven. 

4.  Every  citizen  of  this  country  is  allowed  to  vote. 

5.  Thou  art  acknowledged  the  bravest  warrior  in  the  land. 

6.  Our  battleships  are  named  after  the  States. 

7.  You  are  deceived  in  your  opinion  of  Napoleon. 

8.  The  moon  is  lighted  by  the  sun. 

9.  Our  flag  is  respected  the  world  over. 
10.  You  are  honored  for  your  bravery. 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  61 

EXERCISE  IX 

Model:  Act. —  The  Americans  routed  the  Spaniards  in 
every  action  of  the  war. 
Pass. — The  Spaniards  were  routed  by  the  Ameri- 
cans in  every  action  of  the  war. 
Remarks. — Note  that  in  changing  this  active  sentence  to 
the  passive  the  following  rules  are  observed: — 

(1)  The  subject  of  the  active  sentence  becomes  in  the  pas- 
sive an  objective  case  governed  by  the  preposition  by. 

(2)  The  object  of  the  active  sentence  becomes,  in  the  pas- 
sive sentence,  the  subject. 

Practice. — Change  the  following  sentences  from  the  active 
to  the  passive  as  in  model. 

1.  The  guileless  often  outwit  the  crafty. 

2.  Caesar  led  the  Roman  legions  into  Britain. 

3.  America  will  rule  the  sea  for  centuries. 

4.  We  possess  the  largest  coal  mines  in  the  world. 

5.  South  America  has  witnessed  countless  revolutions  during  the 

last  half-century. 

6.  England  deserves  the  praise  of  overcoming  Napoleon. 

7.  Napoleon  had  cowed  all  the  nations  of  Europe. 

8.  Before  the  dawn  of  another  century,  republics  shall  have  replaced 

kingdoms  throughout  the  world. 

9.  Our  isthmian  canal  may  involve  the  United  States  in  many  wars. 

10.  The  most  skillful  engineer  could  not  bridge  the  ocean. 

11.  The  laws  of  the  United  States  forbid  the  immigration  of  undesir- 

able foreigners. 

12.  Some  one  may  have  sent  a  message  to  Mars. 

13.  Experienced  men  could  have  fought  the  battles  of  the  Civil  War 

with  less  loss  of  life. 

14.  Too  much  rain  often  ruins  the  crops. 

15.  The  United  States  purchased  the  territory  of  Louisiana  for  fifteen 
million  dollars. 

16.  No  one  has  held  the  office  of  President  foi  more  than  two  terms. 

17.  The  United  States  may  some  day  embrace  the  whole  of  North 
America. 


62  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

18.  The  Oregon  might  have  met  Cervera's  fleet. 

19.  Our  mountains  conceal  fabulous  treasures  of  silver  and  gold. 

20.  Water  covers  three-fourths  of  the  globe. 

21.  The  heat  of  summer  ripens  the  waving  fields. 

22.  All  peoples  possess  some  knowledge  of  Christ. 

23.  No  one  has  ever  discovered  inhabitants  on  the  moon. 

24.  Before  the  arrival  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  the  Spaniards  had 
founded  St.  Augustine. 

25.  The  English  colonized  the  North  and  Middle  Atlantic  coast. 

EXERCISE  X 

Model:  Pass. — Criminals  are  punished  by  the  law. 

Act. —  The  law  punishes  criminals. 
Remarks. — In  changing  this  passive  sentence  to  the  active 
form,  the  following  rules  are  observed: — 

(1)  The  subject  of  the  passive  sentence  becomes  the  object 
in  the  active  sentence. 

(2)  The  agent  of  the  passive  action — ^the  person  or  thing 
by  whom  the  passive  action  is  done — becomes  the  subject  of 
the  active  sentence. 

Practice. — Change  the  following  sentences  from  the  Passive 
to  the  Active  form. 

1.  Many  foreign  ships  are  built  by  our  shipwrights. 

2.  Canals  were  constructed  in  very  ancient  times  by  the  Egyptians. 

3.  Our  American  volunteers  have  been  preferred  by  many  military 
experts  to  regulars. 

4.  In  the  future,  American  exports  will  be  carried  by  American 
ships. 

5.  Before  the  end  of  the  century,  aerial  navigation  shall  have  been 
adopted  by  all  nations. 

6.  American  iron  and  steel  are  used  by  all  the  nations  of  the  world. 
'    7.  By  the  expenditure  of  a  few  millions  of  dollars  our  navy  can  be 

made  the  greatest  in  the  world. 

8.  Our  western  prairies  should  be  irrigated  by  the  government. 

9.  By  the  middle  of  this  century,  steam  power  may  be  replaced  by 
electric. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  63 

10.  The  North  Pole  may  have  been  discovered  by  some  of  the  last 
explorers. 

11.  In  the  event  of  a  general  European  war,  England  will  be  troubled 
by  her  colonies. 

12.  The  seal  fisheries  were  protected  by  the  most  stringent  regulations. 

13.  The  rich  are  sought  by  flatterers. 

14.  Our  western  rivers  have  not  been  cared  for  suificiently  by  the 
government. 

15.  The  stars  were  placed  by  God  like  lamps  in  the  sky. 

16.  Thousands  of  men,  women  and  children  are  often  butchered  by 
the  Turks. 

17.  China  may  be  divided  by  the  greedy  European  powers. 

18.  The  Russians  should  be  kept  out  of  China  by  the  Great  Wall. 

19.  The  manufacture  of  cigarettes  should  have  been  prohibited  by  the 
law  years  ago. 

20.  Before  the  first  blush  of  dawn,  the  moon  will  have  been  frightened 
from  the  sky  by  the  morning  star. 

21.  Many  cases  of  blindness  have  been  cured  by  skillful  physicians. 

22.  Many  mountain  peaks  are  covered  by  perpetual  snow. 

23.  Africa  will  never  be  ruled  wholly  by  white  men. 

24.  The  friendship  of  America  is  sought  by  most  of  our  neighbors. 

25.  Cuban  liberty  was  readily  acknowledged  by  the  United  States. 


EXERCISE  XI 

Model:  Act. — Our  western  wheat-fields  are  feeding  more 
than  our  own  country. 
Pass. — More  than  our  own  country  is  being  fed  by 
our  western  wheat-fields. 
Remarks. — It  is  often  hard  for  students  to  distinguish  be- 
tween the  compound  active  form  of  tenses  (consisting  of  some 
tense  of  the  verb  ''to  be''  and  the  participle  in  "-ing'O  and 
the  ordinary  passive  of  the  verb.     The  difficulty  arises  from 
the  fact  that  the  auxihary  verb  "to  be''  is  used  in  the  conju- 
gation of  this  compound  form  of  the  active  tenses  and  also  in 
the  conjugation  of  the  passive  voice  of  any  verb.     The  stu- 
dent must  remember  that  in  order  for  any  tense  of  a  verb  to 


64  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

be  passive  it  must  be  a  compound  of  the  verb  * '  to  be ''  and  the 
past  participle  of  the  verb.  A  compound  active  tense  of  any 
verb  is  made  up  of  some  tense  of  the  auxihary  verb  "to  be'' 
and  the  present  participle  of  the  verb. 

In  changing  the  above  sentence  from  active  to  passive,  it 
will  be  observed  that  the  same  rules  are  followed  as  in  Ex.  IX. 

Practice. — Change  the  following  sentences  from  active  to 
passive,  retaining  in  passive  the  compound  form  of  the  verb- 
tense. 

1.  The  world  is  watching  the  experiments  in  wireless  telegraphy. 

2.  For  years  to  come,  malcontent  Filipinos  will  be  exciting  short- 
lived rebellions  against  our  rule. 

3.  Napoleon  was  planning  his  escape  from  Elba. 

4.  For  months  before  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the  colonies 
had  been  considering  a  revolution. 

5.  For  over  a  century,  the  French  have  been  suffering  the  effects  of 
the  Reign  of  Terror. 

6.  We  are  all  studying  the  foreign  policy  of  the  United  States. 

7.  For  ages  the  energy  of  man  had  been  conquering  nature. 

8.  American  athletes  are  constantly  defeating  their  European  com- 
petitors. 

9.  We  may  be  twenty-five  years  constructing  the  Panama  canal. 

10.  The  sea  has  been  battering  our  coasts  from  time  immemorial. 

11.  The  manufacturers  may  have  been  putting  good  material  into  the 
worthless  guns. 

12.  Our  engineers  will  be  perfecting  our  coast-defenses  for  years. 


EXERCISE  XII 

Remark. — The  student  will  observe  that  in  Exercises  IX  and 
XI  all  the  active  verbs  have  objects  in  the  objective  case, — 
which  become  the  subjects  when  the  sentences  are  changed 
to  the  passive  form.  If  the  verb  of  any  sentence  has  no  ob- 
ject, the  sentence  cannot  be  changed  to  the  passive  form. 
As  no  intransitive  or  neuter  verb  has  an  object,  no  sentence 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  65 

whose  verb  is  intransitive  or  neuter  can  be  changed  to  the 
passive  form. 

Practice. — Change  the  following  sentences  to  passive  form. 
If  in  any  case  the  change  cannot  be  made,  give  the  reason  why. 

1.  The  Romans  admitted  conquered  nations  to  citizenship. 

2.  The  wild  mountain  torrent  rushes  down  to  the  sea. 

3.  The  Old  Guard  failed  at  Waterloo. 

4.  A  thousand  Grecian  arrows  flew  towards  the  walls  of  Troy. 

5.  Jason  carried  home  the  Golden  Fleece. 

6.  A  thousand  mountain  peaks  glitter  in  the  sunshine. 

7.  Three  hundred  Spartans  held  the  Persian  host  at  bay. 

8.  Horatius  leaped  into  the  foaming  river  at  his  back. 

9.  The  volcano's  fires  blazed  red  through  all  the  night. 

10.  The  soldiers  and  marines  fought  shoulder  to  shoulder. 

11.  The  alarm  bell  rang  day  and  night. 

12.  The  allied  forces  marched  many  miles. 


EXERCISE  XIII      ' 

Model :  Act. — If  England  and  the  United  States  make  an 
aUiance,  all  Europe  will  form  a  compact 
against  them. 
Pass. — ^If  an  alliance  is  made  by  England  and  the 
United  States,  a  compact  against  them 
will  be  formed  by  all  Europe. 
Remark. — In   this   complex   sentence,    both   clauses   are 
changed  from  the  active  to  the  passive  construction.     In  do- 
ing this  the  rules  laid  down  in  Ex.  IX  for  the  change  of  a 
simple  active  sentence  to  the  passive  must  be  put  into  prac- 
tice in  each  clause  of  the  complex  sentence. 

Practice. — Change  the  following  complex  sentences  from 
the  active  to  the  passive  form. 

1.  Blticher  eluded  the  French  marshal  v/ho  was  watching  him. 

2.  While  Sherman  was  leading  his  army  through  Georgia,  Grant  was 
pressing  Richmond. 


66  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

3.  No  army  will  ever  take  Gibraltar,  as  long  as  England  garrisons  the 
rock  well. 

4.  The  men  who  overcame  the  Mexicans  in  eighteen  hundred  and 
forty-eight  defended  the  Union  in  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-one. 

5.  Until  inventors  perfect  airships,  the  public  will  not  trust  them. 

6.  Alter  the  Americans  destroyed  Cervera's  fleet  at  Santiago,  the 
Spaniards  readily  surrendered  the  city. 

7.  The  Boers  frequently  defeated  the  superior  forces  which  the  Eng- 
lish sent  against  them. 

8.  When  the  waters  from  the  snow,  melted  in  the  mountains,  swell 
its  current,  the  Mississippi  often  breaks  its  levees. 

9.  As  we  ridicule  the  customs  of  the  past,  the  future  will  ridi- 
cule us. 

10.  The  colonists,  whom  the  soldiers  of  George  III  despised  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  revolution,  before  the  end  of  the  struggle  humbled  the 
Ked  Coats  to  the  dust. 

EXERCISE  XIV 

Model:  Pass. — As  soon  as  China  is  divided  by  the  Euro- 
pean powers,  Japan,  too,  will  be  coveted 
by  them. 
Act. — As  soon  as  the   European   powers  divide 
China,  they  will  covet  Japan  too. 
Remark. — In  changing  a  complex  sentence,  both  of  whose 
members  are  passive,  to  active  form,  apply  in  each  member 
the  rules  given  in  Ex.  X. 

Practice. — Change  to  active  form: — 

1.  The  Americans,  who  were  taken  prisoners  by  the  Spaniards,  were 
treated  courteously  by  their  captors. 

2.  As  !ong  as  the  army  was  led  by  skilled  generals,  it  was  not  over- 
powered by  the  enemy. 

3.  Until  England  was  united  into  one  kingdom  by  Alfred,  the  island 
was  harassed  by  domestic  foes  and  foreign  invaders. 

4.  The  cotton  rampart  by  which  New  Orleans  jv as  defended  was  set 
on  fire  by  the  British  guns. 

5.  When  Blenheim  was  almost  won  by  the  French,  the  English  were 
led  to  victory  by  Marlborough. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  67 

6.  The  beauty  of  Niagara  Falls  will  soon  be  spoilt  by  the  power- 
plants  which  are  being  built  by  greedy  capitalists. 

7.  If  locks  were  built  by  the  government,  many  of  our  now  useless 
rivers  could  be  utilized  by  commerce. 

8.  The  daring  of  automobilists  who  have  been  killed  by  their  own 
carelessness  will  not  be  imitated  by  the  wise. 

9.  The  men  who  were  pinched  by  hunger  and  cold  at  Valley  Forge 
will  be  sung  by  poets  for  evermore. 

10.  The  rivers,  which  are  swollen  to  unruly  floods  by  the  spring  rains, 
are  sometimes  completely  dried  up  by  the  summer  heat. 


EXERCISE  XV 

Model. — (1)  The  horse  led  in  the  race. 

(2)  The  black  horse  easily  led  in  the  great  race. 

Remarks. — Both  of  these  sentences  are  simple.  The  first 
is  expanded  in  the  second  by  the  introduction  of  adjectives 
to  signify  a  qualification  of  ^^  horse  ^'  and  of  ^'  race ''  and  of  an 
adverb  to  qualify  the  verb. 

Practice. — Expand  the  following  sentences  by  the  intro- 
duction of  adjectives  to  qualify  the  nouns  and  of  adverbs  to 
qualify  the  verbs. 

1.  The  general  was  defeated  in  the  battle. 

2.  The  island  was  submerged  by  the  river. 

3.  Americans  are  astonishing  the  world  by  inventions. 

4.  Railroads  have  built  up  the  country. 

5.  Nations  are  maintaining  armies. 

6.  Clouds  cover  the  sky. 

7.  Stars  shine  through  the  night. 

8.  Soldiers  pursue  the  enemy. 

9.  Gardens  have  flowers. 

10.  The  governments  are  building  navies 

11.  The  liners  are  beating  the  records. 
\2.  Volcanoes  are  feared  by  men. 


68  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


EXERCISE  XVI 

Model. — (1)  The  lieutenant  shot  the  leader. 

(2)  The  lieutenant  in  the  red  cloak  shot  the  leader  of  the 
rebels. 

Remark. — In  the  second  sentence,  the  phrase,  '4n  the 
red  cloak",  qualifies  ^'lieutenant'',  a  noun;  therefore  it  is  an 
adjective  in  force.  As  it  is  introduced  by  the  preposition 
"in'',  it  is  called  a  prepositional  adjective  phrase.  *' Of  the 
rebels"  is  also  a  prepositional  adjective  phrase.        • 

Practice. — Qualify  the  nouns  of  the  following  sentences  by 
prepositional  adjective  phrases. 

1.  The  companies  were  defeated  by  the  squadrons. 

2.  The  waves  wear  away  the  rocks. 

3.  The  Old  Guard  led  the  army. 

4.  The  Light  Brigade  charged  the  hosts. 

5.  The  English  beheld  a  rampart. 

6.  The  minerals  astonish  the  searchers. 

7.  The  van  was  sighted  by  the  sentries. 

8.  Thousands  are  wasting  lives. 

9.  The  cavalry  is  the  finest  arm. 
10.  Dewey  passed  the  forts. 


EXERCISE  XVII 

Model. — (1)  Sheridan  charged  the  enemy. 

(2)  Calling  on  his  men,  Sheridan  charged  the  enemy  com- 
ing down  the  road.. 

Remark. — In  this  example  the  first  sentence  is  expanded 
by  means  of  the  phrases  ''Calling  on  his  men"  and  "coming 
down  the  road  ".  Both  these  phrases  express  a  quality, — the 
first  of  Sheridan,  the  second  of  the  enemy^  therefore  they 
are  adjective  phrases.  As  they  are  introduced  by  parti- 
ciples they  are  called  participial  adjective  phrases. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  69 

Practice. — Qualify  either  the  subject  or  object  of  the  fol- 
lowing sentences  by  a  participial  adjective  phrase. 

1.  The  morning  star  precedes  the  day 

2.  The  moon  silvers  the  waves. 

3.  The  smoke  burdens  the  air. 

4.  The  steamer  cleaves  the  wave. 

5.  Napoleon  led  his  army  home. 

6.  Railroads  display  our  industry. 

7.  Fleets  help  commerce. 

8.  Cuba  can  supply  us  with  sugar. 

9.  The  cotton-gin  enriched  the  South. 

10.  The  printing  press  enlightened  a  world. 


EXERCISE  XVIII 

Model. — (1)  The  island  gleams  across  the  pass. 

(2)  The  island,  a  wilderness  of  palmetto,  gleams  across 
the  pass. 

Remark. — In  this  example  the  first  sentence  is  expanded 
by  the  addition  of  the  phrase  "  a  wilderness  of  palmetto '\ 
This  phrase  is  an  adjective  phrase  because  it  qualifies 
''island".  It  is  an  appositional  adjective  phrase  because  it 
is  introduced  by  a  noun. 

Practice. — Expand  the  following  sentences  by  the  addition 
of  one  or  more  appositional  adjective  phrases. 

1.  The  oaks  lord  it  over  the  smaller  trees. 

2.  The  tides  bring  up  their  battering  rams. 

3.  The  clouds  gleam  white  above  the  western  horizon. 

4.  The  steamships  often  cross  the  ocean  in  less  than  six  days. 

5.  The  batteries  down  the  bay  guard  New  York  harbor. 

6.  Steam  was  not  utilized  to  any  great  extent  till  the  early  part  of 
the  nineteenth  century. 

7.  The  lilac  is  in  bloom. 

8.  Twenty  thousand  soldiers  were  sent  in  the  first  transports. 

9.  Cuba  was  long  the  scene  of  civil  war. 

10.  The  Civil  War  left  a  nation  instead  of  an  assembly  of  states. 


70  FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH 


EXERCISE   XIX 

Model. — (1)  The  general  faced  the  enemy. 

(2)  The  General,  brave  even  in  his  old  age,  faced  the  enemy. 

Remark. — A  collection  of  words  such  as  '*  brave  even  in  his 
old  age''  qualifying  a  noun  and  introduced  by  an  adjective 
is  called  a  simple  adjective  phrase. 

Practice. — Qualify  some  noun  or  nouns  of  the  following 
sentences  by  an  adjective  phrase  or  phrases. 

1.  Raleigh  spread  his  cloak  under  the  feet  of  the  queen. 

2.  The  Puritans  landed  at  Plymouth  Rock. 

3.  The  Monitor  came  out  towards  the  Merrimac. 

4.  The  sun  rose  from  behind  a  bank  of  clouds. 

5.  The  air  choked  the  firemen. 

6.  The  engine  dragged  the  train. 

7.  The  grumbling  of  the  volcano  could  be  heard  by  the  rescuers. 

8.  The  waves  combed  out  on  the  shore. 

9.  Soldiers  never  desert  their  colors. 
10.  Napoleon  led  the  French  to  Moscow. 

EXERCISE    XX. 

Model. — (1)  The  French  charged  the  EngUsh. 

(2)  After  many  repulses,  the  French  at  Waterloo  charged 
the  English  with  redoubled  vigor. 

Remark. — In  (2)  "after  many  repulses^'  marks  the  time 
of '' charged '^-  " at  Waterloo "  marks  the  place  of  "charged ''; 
"with  redoubled  vigor"  marks  the  manner  of  "charged"; 
therefore  they  all  express  a  quality  of  the  verb,  are  adverbial 
in  force.  All  groups  of  words,  containing  no  finite  verb, 
and  marking  the  time,  the  place,  the  manner,  the  means,  the 
instrument,  of  a  verb  are  adverbial  phrases,  no  matter  how 
introduced. 

Practice. — Qualify  the  verbs  in  the  following  simple  sen- 
tences by  at  least  one  adverbial  phrase. 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  71 

1.  The  whale  attacked  the  boat. 

2.  The  general  heard  the  guns. 

3.  Napoleon  tried  to  escape  to  America. 

4.  Jefferson  bought  the  territory  of  Louisiana. 

5.  Washington  crossed  the  Delaware. 

6.  The  great  brand  made  lightnings. 

7.  Sir  Bedivere's  harness  clashed. 

8.  The  sunlight  checkers  the  ground. 

9.  The  moisture  of  distilling  rains  and  melting  snows  is  held. 
10.  Nature  has  adorned  the  vine. 


EXERCISE    XXI 

Model. — (1)  Hiawatha  waited. 

He  was  at  the  doorway  of  his  wigwam. 

(2)  At  the  doorway  of  his  wigwam,  Hiawatha  waited. 

Remark. — The  two  sentences  in  (1)  have  been  combined 
into  one  simple  sentence  by  expressing  the  sense  of  the  second 
in  an  adverbial  phrase.  Two  sentences  may  likewise  be  com- 
bined into  one  simple  sentence  by  changing  one  sentence  into 
an  adjective  or  adjective  phrase. 

Practice. — *  Combine  the  following  pairs  of  sentences  into 
single  simple  sentences  by  expressing  the  sense  of  the  sen- 
tences marked  (adj.)  by  adjectives  or  adjective  phrases,  and 
the  sense  of  those  marked  (adv.)  by  adverbs  or  adverbial 
phrases. 

*  In  this  and  all  the  following  exercises  in  sentence-structure,  the 
teacher  will  find  it  profitable,  if  his  class  be  capable  of  it,  to  have  his 
pupils,  after  working  out  the  exercise  as  here  proposed,  invent  original 
phrases  and  clauses  for  the  expansion  of  each  of  the  sentences  set  down 
in  every  exercise.  It  will  also  be  profitable  to  have  them  express  their 
sentences  in  several  forms,  declarative,  interrogative,  imperative,  etc. 
As  a  test  of  their  knowledge  it  may  be  well,  on  the  completion  of  each 
exercise,  to  demand  from  the  pupils  some  original  sentences  of  the  kind 
built  in  the  exercise.  For  these  original  sentences  the  teacher  may 
asa^n  the  subject  or  topic,  but  should  give  no  other  help. 


72  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

1.  There  are  three  vines. 

They  are  in  an  ancient  forest,     (adv.) 

2.  The  Rabbi  leaped  into  the  city  of  the  dead. 
He  had  the  Death-AngePs  sword,     (adv.) 

3.  The  queen  loosed  the  casque. 
The  casque  was  shattered,     (adj.) 

4.  The  bells  ring  loud. 

They  ring  from  the  old  monastic  tower,     (adv.) 

5.  Napoleon  fled  from  Elba. 

He  was  confident  of  his  power  over  the  French,     (adj.) 

6.  The  fame  of  John  overflowed  Asia. 

He  was  called  the  golden-mouthed,     (adj.) 

7.  There  is  a  valley  of  sweet  roses. 

It  is  by  Bendemeer's  stream,     (adv.) 
S.  The  snows  are  sparkling  to  the  moon. 

They  lie  deep  on  the  convent  roof,     (adj.) 
9.  The  storm  redoubled  its  force. 

This  was  after  a  partial  lull,     (adv.) 
10.  The  traveler  sees  clusters  of  nut-brown  cottages. 

They  nestle  among  the  sloping  orchards,     (adj.) 


EXERCISE  XXII 

Model. — (1)  It  was  midnight. 

The  tent  was  guarded. 

The  Turk  was  dreaming  of  victory. 

(2)  At  midnight,  in  his  guarded  tent,  the  Turk  was  dream- 
ing of  victory. 

Remark. — Three  simple  sentences  are  here  combined  into 
one  simple  sentence,  by  expressing  the  sense  of  two  of  these 
sentences  by  phrases. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
single  simple  sentences.  The  abbreviations  (adj.)  and 
(adv.)  mean  the  same  as  in  the  previous  exercise. 

1.  It  was  ten  days  later,     (adv.) 
A  lugger  entered  the  bayou. 
It  was  full  of  armed  men.     (adj.) 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  73 

2.  Jason  went  after  the  Golden  Fleece. 
His  ship  was  the  Argo.     (adv.) 

The  golden  fleece  was  in  Colchis,     (adv.) 

3.  The  night  dews  are  falling  on  still  waters. 

The  waters  flow  between  walls  of  shadowy  granite,     (adj.) 
They  flow  in  a  gleaming  pass,     (adj.) 

4.  Perry  captured  a  British  fleet. 

It  was  in  the  Battle  of  Lake  Erie,     (adv.) 

He  was  without  previous  experience  in  battle,     (adj.) 

5.  A  distant  sail  excited  our  curiosity. 

It  was  gliding  along  the  edge  of  the  ocean,     (adj.) 
It  was  almost  sundown,     (adv.) 

6.  The  moon  rises  in  the  east  behind  the  fleecy  clouds. 
She  quenches  the  stars  with  her  kindling  light,     (adj.) 
The  clouds  are  silvered  by  her  rays,     (adj.) 

7.  The  white  glaciers  blaze. 

They  are  like  mighty  serpents  with  scales  of  fire,     (adj.) 
It  is  daybreak,     (adv.) 

8.  A  terrible  battle  was  fought  at  Gettysburg,     (adv.). 
Over  fifty  thousand  men  were  lost. 

The  battle  was  fought  by  Northern  and  Southern  forces,    (adj.) 

9.  The  brook  is  ice-bound,     (adj.) 
Its  only  sound  is  a  soft  gurgle. 
The  gurgle  is  hard  to  hear,     (adj.) 

10.  The  block  of  buildings  is  very  valuable,     (adj.) 
It  is  in  the  middle  of  the  city,     (adj.) 
Fire  has  destroyed  it. 


EXERCISE  XXIII 

Model. — (1)  The  river  glides  along  noiselessly. 

It  is  changeable  as  the  sky  above  it. 

It  has  high  cliffs  on  one  side. 

It  has  rich  meadows  on  the  other  side. 

(2)  Changeable  as  the  sky  above  it,  the  river  glides  along 
noiselessly,  with  high  cliffs  on  one  side  and  rich  meadows  on 
the  other. 


74  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

Remark. — Here  four  simple  sentences  are  combined  into 
one  by  changing  three  of  them  into  phrases. 

Practice. — Change  each  group  of  the  following  sentences 
into  a  single  simple  sentence,  by  changing  three  of  the 
sentences  into  phrases.  The  abbreviations  (adj.)  and  (adv.) 
mean  the  same  as  in  the  previous  exercises. 

1.  Captain  Kidd  was  sent  to  put  down  the  pirates,     (adj.) 
He  was  sent  by  the  Governor  of  New  York,     (adj.) 
He  himself  became  a  pirate. 

He  was  the  most  famous  pirate  of  any  time,     (adj  ) 

2.  The  Acadians  were  happy,     (adj.) 

They  were  driven  from  their  homes  and  country. 
They  were  expelled  by  the  British,     (adj.) 
They  were  expelled  without  warning,     (adv.) 

3.  It  was  evening,     (adv.) 

The  air  was  clear  and  tranquil,     (adv.) 

The  thin  column  of  pale,  blue  smoke  curled  upward. 

It  curled  from  the  cabins  of  the  negro  quarters,     (adv.) 

4.  A  cumbrous  boat  floated  dowTi  the  beautiful  river. 
It  was  rowed  by  Acadian  boatmen,     (adj.) 

It  floated  into  the  golden  stream,     (adv.) 

The  stream  was  the  broad  and  swift  Mississippi,     (adj.) 

5.  Master  Simon  covered  himself  with  glory. 
He  showed  great  stateliness.     (adv.) 

He  walked  a  minuet,     (adj.") 

His  partner  was  Dame  Mince  Pie.     (adj.) 

6.  Thousands  of  silken  lanterns  were  hung. 

These  had  been  painted  by  the  most  delicate  pencils  of  Can- 
ton,    (adj.) 

They  hung  from  bamboo  arches,  minarets  and  towers,     (adv.) 
These  had  been  erected  about  the  gardens,     (adj.) 

7.  The  long  avalanches  are  rolled  down  the  mountain  side. 

They  are  rolled  down    in    streams    brighter    than    the    light- 
ning,    (adv.) 

They  send  a  tribute  of  driven  snow  to  heaven,     (adj .) 
These  tributes  are  like  altar-smoke,     (adj.) 

8.  Virgil  became  acquainted  with  Augustus  and  other  noted  Ro- 
mans,    (adj .) 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  75 

He  lived  at  Rome. 

He  wrote  Latin  poems,     (adj.)  ^-^ 

These  poems  are  read  even  at  the  present  day.     (adj.) 
9.  Above  the  puny  scrub  timber  rises  the  fort. 
It  is  an  angular  ruddy  mass  of  old  brick,     (adv.) 
Its  ditches  swarm  with  crabs,     (adv.) 

Its  sluiceways  are  half  choked  by  obsolete  cannon  shot,     (adv.) 
10.  He  awoke  in  his  own  room,     (adv.) 
He  heard  his  mother's  voice. 
She  was  calling  him.     (adj.) 

The   room  was  now  flooded  with   the  gold   of  the   morning 
sun.     (adj .) 

EXERCISE  XXIV 

Model. — (1)  The  coast  is  rock-girt. 

There  are  bowlders  along  it. 

They  are  hurled  along  by  the  waves. 

They  act  like  battering  rams. 

They  destroy  the  coast. 

(2)  The  bowlders  along  the  rock-girt  coast,  hurled  along 
by  the  waves,  destroy  it  like  battering  rams. 

Remark. — Here  five  separate  simple  sentences  are  com- 
bined into  one  by  converting  four  of  them  into  adjective  or 
adverbial  phrases. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
single  simple  sentences  as  in  model.  The  abbreviations 
(adj.)  and  (adv.)  mean  the  same  as  in  the  previous  exercises. 

1.  The  bellowing  tide  rushed  from  the  Gulf. 
It  was  unresisted,     (adj.) 

It  tore  and  swallowed  the  land  in  its  course,     (adj.) 
It  plowed  out  deep-sea  channels,     (adj.) 
It  rent  islands  in  twain,     (adj.) 

2.  The  ancient  Roman  road  ran  through  a  sea  of  shadows. 
It  was  snow-covered,     (adj.) 

It  was  like  a  thick,  smooth  wake  of  foam,     (adj.) 
The  wake  was  left  by  some  great  ship,     (adj.) 
The  ship  plowed  the  green  ocean  long  ago.     (adj.) 


76  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

3.  The  professor  entered  the  room. 

He  entered  wheezing  and  puffing,     (adj.) 

He  elbowed  his  way  through  the  throng,     (adj.) 

He  had  a  look  of  sturdy  self-confidence  on  his  face,     (adj.) 

He  had  a  thick  Greek  quarto  in  his  hands,     (adj.) 

4.  It  was  a  brilliant  moonlight  night,     (adv.) 
It  was  extremely  cold,     (adj.) 

Our  chaise  was  whirled  along. 
The  ground  was  frozen,     (adv.) 
The  horses  were  galloping,     (adv.) 

5.  Ponce  de  Leon  came  within  sight  of  a  coast. 
He  called  it  the  land  of  Easter,     (adj .) 
This  was  on  Easter  Sunday,     (adv.) 

It  was  in  the  year  1513.     (adj.) 

He  was  searching  for  the  fountain  of  perpetual  youth,     (adj.) 

6.  Maisonneuve  was  left  alone,     (adj.) 

He  retreated  down  the  beaten  track,     (adj .) 

He  held  the  Indians  at  bay. 

They  were  pursuing  him.     (adj.)  : 

He  had  a  pistol  in  each  hand,     (adv.) 

7.  It  was  moonlight,     (adv.) 
Boats  shot  past  us. 

This  was  occasional,  (adv.) 
They  had  high  sails,  (adj.) 
These  sails  caught  every  breeze  from  over  the  hills,     (adj.) 

8.  The  brook  runs  through  the  listening  woods,     (adj.) 
It  plays  low,  tremulous  music. 

It  plays  through  all  the  sweet  summer,     (adv.) 

Its  harp-strings  are  dark  water,     (adv.) 

Its  strings  are  fingered  by  the  silvery  pebbles.     (adj.\ 

9.  The  boat  was  lost  in  a  maze  of  waters,  (adj.) 
The  waters  were  sluggish  and  devious,  (adj.) 
They  were  like  a  network  of  steel,     (adj.) 

The  network  extended  in  every  direction,     (adj .) 

The  network  extended  under  the  towering  and  tenebrous  boughs 
of  the  cypress. 

10.  The  road  led  from  Antioch.     (adj.)  -• 

The  road  wound  for  five  miles  along  the  foot  of  the   moun- 
tains,    (adv.) 

It  wound  among  plantations  of  myrtles  and  mulberries. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  77 

It  had  a  wide  outlook  over  the  valley  of  the  Orontes.     (adj.) 
It  had  a  wide  outlook  over  the  distant,  shimmering  sea.     ^adj.) 

EXERCISE  XXV 

Model. — (1)  The  French  were  defeated  at  Waterloo. 

Napoleon  tried  to  escape  to  America. 

(2)  After  the  French  were  defeated  at  Waterloo,  Napoleon 
tried  to  escape  to  America. 

Remark. — Here  two  sentences  are  combined  into  one. 
This  one  sentence  is  a  complex  sentence,  because  it  has  two 
finite  verbs  and  two  clauses;  one  of  which  is  dependent,  the 
other  principal  or  independent.  The  clause  "after  the 
French  were  defeated  at  Waterloo^'  marks  the  time  of  the 
action  indicated  in  the  principal  clause;  therefore  fulfills  for 
the  principal  clause  the  purpose  of  an  adverb  and  is  to  be 
considered  therefore  as  dependent. 

Practice. — Change  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
complex  sentences,  joining  the  dependent  to  the  principal 
clause  by  means  of  the  temporal  conjunctions  ''when'', 
''while'',  "as long  as",  "as  soon  as",  "since",  "until",  "be- 
fore ",  "  after  ".  Write  the  dependent  clause  first  and  separate 
it  from  the  principal  clause  by  means  of  a  comma.  Where 
possible,  try  several  combinations  by  means  of  the  various 
conjunctions. 

1.  Yorktown  was  surrendered. 

Lord  North  acknowledged  the  loss  of  the  British  cause. 

2.  Vicksburg  was  taken  by  Grant. 

The  power  of  the  Confederacy  in  the  West  was  broken. 

3.  The  Barons  made  their  stand  at  Runnymede. 
The  liberty  of  Englishmen  was  assured. 

4.  Cervera  was  bottled  up  at  Santiago. 

Spain  lost  hopes  of  even  a  qualified  submission. 

5.  The  moon  has  a  golden  ring. 

The  old  sailors  prophesy  hurricanes. 


78  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

6.  Montcalm  awoke  on  the  13th  of  September,  1759. 

He  beheld  an  English  force  of  five  thousand  strong  on  the  heights 
of  Abraham. 

7.  Cortez  landed  in  Mexico. 
He  destroyed  his  ships. 

8.  The  sun  rises  in  the  morning. 

The  morning  star  shines  like  a  jewel  on  its  brow. 

9.  The  Alien  and  Sedition  laws  were  passed  during  the  Presidency  of 
John  Adams. 

Jefferson  was  elected  Supreme  Magistrate. 
10.  The  Merrimac  created  havoc  among  the  Northern  vessels. 
The  Monitor  appeared  upon  the  scene. 

EXERCISE    XXVI 

Model. — (1)  The  American  Colonies  threw  oflf  the  yoke  of 
Great  Britain. 

The  mother-country  was  trying  to  oppress  them. 

(2)  The  American  Colonies  threw  off  the  yoke  of  Great 
Britain  because  the  mother-country  was  trying  to  oppress 
them. 

Remark. — Here  two  independent  sentences  are  united  into 
one  complex  sentence,  the  connection  between  the  two  being 
made  and  expressed  by  the  causal  conjunction  '^ because '\ 

Practice. — Unite  the  following  pairs  of  independent  sen- 
tences into  single  complex  sentences  by  means  of  the  causal 
conjunctions  '^because'',  '^for^',  ''since'',  "as'',  ''whereas", 
"  in  as  much  as  ".  If  the  dependent  clause  precedes  the  prin- 
cipal, separate  them  by  a  comma.  If  the  dependent  clause 
follows  the  principal,  it  is  generally  not  separated  by  a  mark  of 
punctuation.  Of  all  these  causal  con j  unctions, ' '  whereas ' '  and 
"in  as  much  as"  are  the  only  two  whose  clause  frequently  pre- 
cedes the  principal.  Dependent  clauses  introduced  by  the  other 
causal  conjunctions  generally  follow  the  principal  clauses. 

1.  The  inhabitants  of  Martinique  had  no  fear. 
They  thought  the  volcano  extinct. 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  79 

2.  The  whole  country  is  interested  in  the  irrigation  of  the  rainless 
districts  of  the  West. 

Those  districts  with  water  will  become  exceedingly  rich. 

3.  The  Acadians  made  no  outbreak  against  the  English  soldiery. 
Father  Felician  had  exhorted  them  to  patience. 

4.  America  will  not  be  worsted  at  sea. 

Our  sailors  are  the  best  gunners  in  the  worid. 

5.  The  Revolution  deluged  France  with  innocent  blood. 
The  vilest  wretches  in  the  land  were  its  leaders. 

6.  Our  American  rivers  have  never  been  utilized  to  the  full. 
The  government  has  not  improved  them  properly. 

7.  South  American  republics  will  be  in  continual  disturbance  for 
many  years. 

The  people  are  exceedingly  fickle  and  excitable. 

8.  Charlemagne  was  crowned  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 
He  had  freed  Rome  from  the  insults  of  the  Lombards. 

9.  Many  American  soldiers  died  from  disease  in  Cuba  and  the  Philip- 
pines. 

They  did  not  observe  necessary  precautions  in  their  food. 
10.  The  humiliation  of  the  nations  is  at  hand. 

In  their  pride  they  have  cast  off  the  yoke  of  God. 

EXERCISE  XXVII 

Model. — (1)  Napoleon  had  not  marched  to  Moscow. 

He  would  not  have  lost  his  crown. 

(2)  If  Napoleon  had  not  marched  to  Moscow,  he  would 
not  have  lost  his  crown. 

Remark. — Two  independent  sentences  are  here  changed 
into  one  complex  sentence,  the  dependent  clause  being  intro- 
duced by  ''ii'\ 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  pairs  of  simple  sentences 
into  single  complex  sentences,  making  one  of  the  sentences  a 
dependent  clause  introduced  by  ''if'\  ''unless^',  ' though". 
Separate  dependent  and  principal  clauses  by  a  comma. 

1.  Unanimity  prevails  in  a  body  of  men. 
Success  is  sure. 


80  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

2.  You  are  youthful  and  ambitious. 

You  cannot  fail  in  your  endeavors. 
5.  Europe  united  against  him. 

Napoleon  was  more  than  equal  to  his  necessities. 

4.  We  give  ourselves  night  and  day  to  our  work. 
We  make  no  perceptible  progress. 

5.  Only  three  hundred  Greeks  stood  in  the  pass  of  Thermopyla 
The  Persian  host  could  not  force  a  passage. 

6.  A  man  gains  the  whole  world. 
What  doth  it  profit  him? 

7.  Diamonds  glitter  Uke  stars. 
They  are  only  a  httle  charcoal. 

8.  Oil  is  spread  over  the  waters. 
The  storm  is  calmed. 

9.  The  smoke  from  the  chinmeys  is  blown  earthward. 
We  will  have  an  abundant  rain. 

10.  The  sky  is  leaden  and  dreary. 
It  will  not  snow  till  morning. 


EXERCISE  XXVIII 

Model. — (1)  The  United  States  has  built  forts  along  the 
seaboard. 

The  coast  cities  are  safe  from  naval  descents. 

(2)  The  United  States  has  built  forts  along  the  seaboard 
in  order  that  the  coast  cities  may  be  safe  from  naval  descents. 

Remark. — Two  simple  sentences  are  here  united  into  one 
complex  sentence  by  means  of  the  conjunction  of  purpose 
'4n  order  that'\  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  mood  of  the 
clause  ''the  coast  cities  .  .  .''  is  changed  from  Indicative 
to  Potential  when  it  is  made  the  dependent  clause — expres- 
sive of  purpose — in  the  complex  sentence.  This  change  from 
Indicative  to  Potential  is  frequently  required  when  a  simple 
sentence  is  converted  into  a  dependent  clause  expressive  of 
purpose. 

Practice. — Change  the  following  pairs  of  sentences  into 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  8lL 

complex  sentences,  making  one  of  them  a  dependent  clause 
introduced  by  ''that'^  ''in  order  that'\  ''lest''. 

1.  The  Venezuelan  difficulty  was  referred  to  the  Court  of  the  Hague. 
War  was  avoided. 

2.  The  mountains  were  tunneled  by  skillful  engineers. 
The  people  on  either  side  were  connected  more  closely. 

3.  Thousands  rushed  off  to  the  Yukon. 

They  tried  their  fortunes  in  the  gold  fields. 

4.  Since  the  acquisition  of  the  Philippines,  the  cities  on  the  Pacific 
coast  are  always  in  a  flutter. 

The  bubonic  plague  is  brought  into  them  by  travelers  from  those 
islands. 

5.  Thousands  of  willows  are  cut  every  year  from  the  lowlands  of  the 
Mississippi  and  Missouri. 

They  are  woven  into  mats  for  the  protection  of  the  levees  in 
the  South. 

6.  The  bunker  capacity  of  war  ships  is  made  as  large  as  possiblCo 
They  do  not  need  re-coaling  while  at  sea. 

7.  In  examining  incoming  steamers  customs  officers  exercise  the 
greatest  care. 

Precious  jewels  and  costly  silks  and  laces  are  brought  in  by 
smugglers. 

8.  The  government  spends  thousands  of  dollars  yearly  on  the  Fish 
Commission. 

Our  rivers  and  lakes  are  kept  stocked. 

9.  During    electrical    storms,  people   avoid   the    neighborhood  of 
large  trees. 

They  are  in  danger  of  being  struck  by  lightning. 
10.  Forts  are  scattered  all  along  our  frontier. 
We  are  protected  from  foreign  invasion. 

EXERCISE  XXIX 

Model. — (1)  Csesar  was  a  great  general. 
Cicero  was  a  great  orator. 

(2)  Csesar  was  a  greater  general  than  Cicero  was  an  orator. . 

Remark. — Here  two  simple  sentences  become  one  complex : 

sentence    by   expressing   comparison    between   Caesar   andl 


82  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

Cicero.  When  two  persons  or  things  are  compared  with  re- 
gard to  one  quaUty,  generally  the  quality  is  expressed  before 
^Hhan^'  or  ''as''  and  not  expressed  after  ^'than''  or  ''as'',  e.g. 
"  Caesar  was  a  greater  general  than  Pompey  (was  a  general) ". 
The  quality  compared  is  generalship. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  pairs  of  simple  sentences 
into  complex  sentences  by  instituting  comparisons. 

1.  Alexander  conquered  many  nations. 
Most  men  have  read  about  many  nations. 

2.  Winter  is  a  disagreeable  season. 
Summer  is  a  pleasant  season. 

3.  Grant  proved  himself  a  skillful  general. 
Sherman  proved  himself  a  skillful  general. 

4.  Napoleon  spilt  the  blood  of  many  soldiers. 
Caesar  spilt  the  blood  of  many  soldiers. 

5.  Niagara  Falls  carry  down  a  great  deal  of  water  in  one  hour. 
Other  falls  carry  down  a  great  deal  of  water  in  a  year. 

6.  The  Thirty  Years  War  reduced  the  population  of  Germany. 
Others  wars  since  have  not  reduced  the  population  so  much. 

7.  During  a  few  months  of  plague  great  numbers  of  people  die. 
Not  as  many  die  in  years  at  other  times. 

8.  War  does  great  injury  to  any  country. 
Famine  does  great  injury  to  any  country. 

9.  European  countries  spend  great  sums  on  standing  armies. 
Less  would  suffice  to  banish  poverty  from  the  land. 

10.  Wide  boundaries  are  a  great  benefit  to  a  country. 
Wide  boundaries  are  a  great  danger  to  a  country. 

EXERCISE  XXX 

Model. — (1)  Even  the  most  patient  people  will  sooner  or 
later  revolt  against  tyranny. 

The  history  of  all  times  proves  this. 

(2)  The  history  of  all  times  proves  that  even  the  most 
patient  people  will  sooner  or  later  revolt  a"gainst  tyranny. 

(1)  Napoleon  was  the  greatest  military  genius  of  modern 
times. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  83 

This  is  ackno;vledged  by  friend  and  foe  alike. 

(2)  That  Napoleon  was  the  greatest  military  genius  of 
modern  times  is  acknowledged  by  friend  and  foe  alike. 

Remark. — In  the  first  example  ''what  history  proves''  is 
expressed  in  a  'Hhaf  clause.  This  ''that''  clause  is  there- 
fore really  an  object  after  the  verb  "proves"  and  is  called  an 
object  clause.  In  the  second  example  "what  is  acknowl- 
edged" is  expressed  by  a  '^that "  clause  which  serves  the  pur- 
pose of  subject  and  is  called  a  subject  clause.  The  ''that" 
clause  is  regarded  as  a  dependent  clause  and  the  combination 
of  two  sentences  into  one  as  done  here  gives  a  complex 
sentence.  The  use  of  "that "  clauses  is  most  frequent  as  sub- 
jects or  objects  of  verbs  expressing  perception  or  expression. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  pairs  of  sentences  into 
single  complex  sentences  by  changing  one  of  them  into  a 
"that"  clause. 

1.  The  Messiah  should  be  born  not  in  Jerusalem  but  in  Bethlehem 
of  Judah. 

The  prophets  had  said  this. 

2.  The  literature  of  Greece  deserves  the  study  of  all  educated  men. 
This  is  best  proven  by  the  imitation  of  the  ages. 

3.  Something  disastrous  had  come  upon  us. 
No  one  dared  to  say  it. 

4.  The  bell  was  tolling  the  knell  of  some  new  tenant  of  the  tomb. 
I  was  a  long  time  in  recollecting  this. 

5.  The  power  of  the  United  States  is  feared  by  foreign  nations. 
This  is  shown  by  the  respect  paid  our  demands  and  requests  on 

every  occasion. 

6.  Dewey  nad  completely  destroyed  the  Spanish  fleet  at  Manila. 
This  was  not  known  in  the  United  States  for  nearly  a  week  after 

the  event. 

7.  Napoleon's  soldiers  would  follow  him  through  all  sorts  of  trials 
and  into  any  danger. 

He  was  perfectly  aware  of  this. 

8.  Old  Pelee  had  sunk  into  a  perpetual  sleep. 

It  was  believed  by  all  the  inhabitants  of  Martinique. 


84  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

9.  The  voyagers'  own  figures  were  perfectly  represented  in  different- 
colored  threads. 

The  voyagers  saw  this  on  examining  the  splendid  tapestry. 
10.  The  assembled  Congress  had  declared  the  independence  of  the 
United  States. 

It  was  announced  to  the  waiting  and  impatient  people  by  the  glad 
ringing  of  the  bells. 

EXERCISE  XXXI 

Model. — (1)  I  have  nothing  to  give  thee  in  return, — only 
this. 

I  can  tell  thee  the  birthplace  of  the  Messiah. 

(2)  I  have  nothing  to  give  thee  in  return, — only  this,  that  I 
can  tell  thee  the  birthplace  of  the  Messiah. 

Remark. — In  this  combination  of  two  simple  sentences  into 
one  complex  sentence,  one  of  the  original  sentences  is  con- 
verted into  a  ^Hhaf  clause  dependent  on  the  clause  ^'I  have 
nothing  .  .  .  '^  and  explanatory  of  the  word  ^Hhis^'. 
Clauses  introduced  by  the  conjunction  ^Hhat^^  are  frequently 
used  in  English  to  explain  a  preceding  noun  or  pronoun. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
single  sentences  by  converting  one  of  them  into  a  ^'thaf 
clause. 

1.  Napoleon  III  was  anxious  for  a  war. 

According  to  some  his  only  preparation  for  war  consisted  in  this 

2.  Charles  Lee  was  a  traitor  to  the  American  cause. 

The  fact  was  not  discovered  for  nearly  a  hundred  years, 

3.  The  earth  was  entirely  flat. 

Almost  the  whole  world  was  once  of  this  opinion. 

4.  Burgoyne  was  defeated. 

The  report  was  spread  by  the  Americans  among  the  other  British 
armies. 

5.  Lincoln  was  assassinated.  ~ -, 

The  news  caused  consternation  to  North  and  South  alike, 

6.  The  planets  are  inhabited. 

The  belief  has  never  gained  much  ground. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  85 

7.  The  English  have  given  many  of  their  colonies  an  almost  demo- 
cratic government. 

Their  rule  is  liked  by  these  colonies  for  this. 

8.  The  American  Government  would  rob  their  children  of  their  faith. 
The  fear  caused  considerable  opposition  to  us  among  the  Filipinos. 

9.  Sherman  had  cut  himself  off  from  a  base  of  supplies. 

The  knowledge  of  it  gave  rise  to  a  great  deal  of  sharp  criticism. 
10.  Public  opinion  is  behind  him. 

This  confidence  has  nerved  many  a  ruler  to  act  against  the  advice 
of  his  counselors. 

EXERCISE  XXXII 

Model. — (1)  The  rain  is  falling  plentifully  to-day. 

It  will  be  drawn  back  into  the  clouds  to-morrow. 

(2)  The  rain  which  is  falling  plentifully  to-day  will  be 
drawn  back  into  the  clouds  to-morrow. 

Remark. — Here  two  simple  sentences  are  united  into  one 
complex  sentence  by  converting  one  of  them  into  a  relative 
clause. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  pairs  of  simple  sentences 
into  complex  sentences,  by  converting  one  of  them  into  a 
relative  clause.  Observe  that,  when  the  relative  takes  the 
place  of  a  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  objective  case,  the  rela- 
tive must  be  put  in  the  objective. 

1.  Messala  was  defeated  by  Ben  Hur. 
He  hated  Ben  Hur. 

2.  Down  the  mossy  sides  of  the  hills  run  little  streams. 
These  keep  the  valley  green. 

3.  Some  mountain  valleys  are  sunk  lower  than  the  surrounding 
country. 

Of  these  the  valley  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne  in  Switzerland  is  an 
example. 

4.  A  beautiful  hoar  frost  was  spread  over  the  meadows  during 
the  night. 

It  lay  glittering  hke  a  field  of  diamonds  in  the  morning  sun. 

5.  The  Corsican  upstart  became  the  master  of  Europe. 

The  rulers  of  the  other  nations  had  continually  insulted  him. 


86  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

6.  Bismarck  humbled  himself  before  the  Empress. 
He  had  alienated  her  son  from  her. 

7.  The  Armenians  are  still  massacred  by  the  ruthless  Turks. 
Their  misfortunes  have  excited  the  indignation  of  Europe  on 

many  occasions. 

8.  The  wave  rolled  along  with  a  low,  rich  sound  of  whispered  thunder. 
It  combed  itself  out  in  sheets  of  woolly  foam. 

9.  Alexander  cherished  an  insatiable  ambition. 

On  account  of  it  the  worid  was  too  small  for  his  desires. 
10.  Charlemagne  was  called  a  man  of  iron. 
His  whole  armor  was  of  plain,  black  iron. 

EXERCISE  XXXIII 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
complex  sentences  by  any  of  the  methods  explained. 

1.  Merhn  was  a  magician. 

His  vast  wit  and  hundred  winters  were  like  loyal  vassals  toiling 
for  their  liege. 

2.  Horatius  leaped  boldly  and  feariessly  into  the  yellow  Tiber. 
The  bridge  was  hewn  down  behind  him. 

3.  Siegfried  carried  off  the  vast  treasure  guarded  by  the  dragon. 
He  slew  the  dragon. 

4.  Icarus  flew  near  the  sun. 

The  sun  melted  the  wax  from  his  wings. 

5.  Hiawatha  was  far  away  among  the  forests  of  the  mountain. 
He  heard  Minnehaha's  cry  of  anguish. 

6.  You  wish  to  view  fair  Melrose  aright. 
Visit  it  by  the  pale  moonlight. 

7.  The  plashing  of  the  water,  like  a  voice  half-sobbing  and  half- 
laughing  under  the  shadows,  broke  the  deep  silence. 

The  water  was  trickling  through  the  chinks  in  the  stones  of  the 
dam. 

8.  The   Indians  placed  the  missionary  on  one   of  their  torture- 
scaffolds  of  bark. 

With  their  sticks  they  had  forced  the  blo©4-  from  the  weakened 
man. 

9.  There  was  Martling,  a  large  blue-bearded  Dutchman. 

He  had  nearly  taken  a  British  frigate  with  an  old  nine-pounder. 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  87 

10.  Canute  wished  to  hear  the  sweet  song  of  the  monks  of  Ely. 
He  ordered  his  oarsmen  nearer  the  monastery. 

11.  The  hollow  of  heaven  flames  like  the  interior  of  a  chaliee. 

The  waves  and  clouds  are  flying  in  one  wild  rout  of  broken 
gold. 

12.  John  Alden  went  on  his  errand,  out  of  the  street  of  the  village, 
into  the  paths  of  the  forest. 

The  bluebirds  and  robins  were  building  towns  in  the  populous 
trees,  peaceful  aerial  cities  of  joy  and  affection  and  freedom,  with  hang- 
ing gardens  of  verdure. 

13.  You  are  but  a  lowly  shepherd  from  the  hills. 
You  shall  behold  the  young  Child  in  an  inn. 

14.  By  the  chiseling  of  the  sea  are  cut  out  of  the  coast-wall  the  fan- 
tastic pillars  called  Devil's  pulpits. 

They  may  be  seen  along  almost  any  rocky  coast. 

15.  I  closed  mine  eyes. 

The  gems  might  blind  my  purpose. 

16.  The  winter  had  been  one  of  privations  and  suffering. 
Washington's  army  spent  the  winter  at  Valley  Forge. 

17.  From  horizon  to  shore  ran  an  uninterrupted  heaving  like  one  vast 
green  swarming  of  snaky  forms. 

It  rolled  in  hissing  and  flattening  on  the  shore. 

18.  Unbidden  by  the  Directory,  Napoleon  returned  from  Egypt. 

He  made  himself  and  two  others  supreme  magistrates  under  the 
name  of  consuls. 

19.  The  irregular  meadows  run  in  and  out  like  inlets  of  a  lake  among 
these  rocky  mountain  fields,  sweet  with  perpetual  streamlets. 

In  the  descent  these  streamlets  have  chosen  the  steepest  places 
for  the  sake  of  the  leaps. 

20.  The  followers  of  Philip  of  Pokanoket  were  a  band  of  native  un- 
taught heroes  fighting  to  the  last  gasp  in  the  cause  of  their  country. 

They  made  the  most  generous  struggle  in  the  power  of  man. 

21.  There  was  a  grove  full  of  small  Hindoo  temples. 

It  w^as  planted  with  the  most  graceful  trees  of  the  East. 

22.  The  strange  denizens  of  the  mountain  looked  at  Rip  Van  Winkle 
with  a  fixed  statue-like  gaze  and  strange  uncouth  lackluster  counte- 
nances. 

His  knees  smote  together  in  fear. 

23.  The  sheen  of  the  Assyrian  spears  was  like  stars  on  the  sea. 
The  blue  wave  rolls  nightly  on  deep  Galilee. 


«8  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

24.  Can  you  see  by  the  dawn's  early  light  the  star-spangled  banner? 
We  hailed  it  so  proudly  at  the  twilight's  last  gleaming. 

25.  The  orchards  fruit-deep  with  apple  and  peach  were  fair  as  a 
garden  of  the  Lord. 

Over  the  mountain-wall,  winding  down  into  Fredericktown,  with 
horse  and  foot  marched  Lee. 


EXERCISE  XXXIV 

Model. — (1)  The  American  infantry  charged  from  the  heights. 

The  marines  attacked  daringly  from  the  shore. 

(2)  The  American  infantry  charged  from  the  heights  and 
the  marines  attacked  daringly  from  the  shore. 

Remark. — Here  two  simple  sentences  are  united  into  one 
compound  sentence  by  means  of  the  coordinate  conjunction 
''and'\ 

Practice. — Connect  the  following  pairs  of  simple  sentences 
into  compound  sentences  by  means  of  the  coordinate  con- 
junctions. Note  the  difference  in  sense  produced  by  the  use 
of  various  conjunctions. 

1.  The  Germans  easily  made  ready  for  the  Franco-Prussian  war. 
The  French  rushed  into  it  altogether  unprepared. 

2.  There  will  be  a  heavy  fall  of  snow. 
The  rain  will  come  down  in  torrents. 

3.  Napoleon  defeated  all  Europe  time  and  again. 
Coalition  after  coalition  was  formed  against  him. 

4.  Burgoyne's  communications  with  Lake  Champlain  were  cut. 
His  men  were  soon  suffering  from  hunger. 

5.  In  tears  our  last  farewell  was  taken. 
Now  in  tears  we  meet  again. 

6.  Judah  was  a  captive  by  the  waters  of  Babylon. 
The  sons  of  Jacob  were  in  bondage  to  our  kings. 

7.  The  strong  will  prevailed,  subduing  and  molding  the  gentler. 
John  Alden  went  on  his  errand.  _ 

8.  The  Spanish  fleet  under  Cervera  kept  within  the  land-locked 
harbor  of  Santiago. 

The  American  fleet  could  not  attack  it. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  89 

9.  "Ahl  my  Lord  Arthur,  whither  shall  I  go?" 

"Where  shall  I  hide  my  forehead  and  my  eyes?" 
10.  Grandly  the  oaks  bore  themselves. 

Every  fiber  of  their  knotted  thews  was  strained  in  the  unequal 
contest  with  the  sea. 
*** 

EXERCISE  XXXV 

Model. — (1)  I  returned  to  the  drawing-room. 

I  found  the  company  seated  round  the  fire,  Hstening  to  the 
parson. 

He  was  ensconced  in  a  high-backed  open  chair. 

(2)  When  I  returned  to  the  drawing-room,  I  found  the 
company  seated  round  the  fire  Hstening  to  the  parson,  who 
was  ensconced  in  a  high-backed  open  chair. 

Remark. — Here  three  simple  sentences  are  combined  into 
one  complex  sentence,  consisting  of  one  principal  and  two 
dependent  clauses. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  simple  sen- 
tences into  complex  sentences  having  one  principal  and  two 
dependent  clauses.  Take  care  not  to  unite  two  dependent 
clauses  merely  by  one  of  the  copulative  conjunctions. 

1.  An  old  woman  had  seen  the  ghost,  through  the  windows  of  the 
church,  slowly  pacing  up  and  down  the  aisles. 

The  moon  shone. 

Her  cottage  bordered  on  the  churchyard. 

2.  Night  came  on. 

There  were  many  of  the  stoutest  unbelievers. 
They  were  shy  of  venturing  alone  in  the  footpath  leading  across 
the  churchyard. 

***  Thus  far  only  pairs  of  simple  sentences  have  been  combined  into 
complex  or  compound  sentences.  Hereafter  in  the  exercises,  three  or 
more  simple  sentences  will  be  combined  into  complex  or  compound 
sentences.  In  practice  it  will  probably  be  found  advisable  to  change 
this  order,  and  to  take  all  the  exercises  on  complex  sentences  before  the 
exercises  on  con>pound  sentences. 


90  FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH 

3.  The  brook  runs  through  meadows  or  lowland. 

It  keeps  changing  and  moving  its  banks  continually. 
It  hollows  out  pools  or  deep  eddies  along  the  shore. 

4.  We  find  the  mountain  brook  the  most  delightful  of  all  nature 
studies. 

We  come  upon  it  fresh  from  months  of  city  life. 

It  has  its  source  far  up  among  the  rocky,  woody  hill. 

5.  I  heard  the  story  from  the  lips  of  a  veteran  pilot. 

We  sat  one  evening  together  on  the  trunk  of  a  drifted  cypress. 
Some  high  tide  had  pressed  the  tree  deeply  into  the  Grand  Isle 
be£ich. 

6.  \ou  shall  see  a  green  halo  kindling  on  the  summit  of  the  eastern 
hills,  brighter,  brighter. 

The  large  white  circle  of  the  slow  moon  is  lifted  up  among  the 
barred  clouds. 

She  quenches  star  after  star  with  her  kindling  light. 

7.  The  trees  assume  strange  curves  of  strength  and  grace. 
They  bend  themselves  against  the  mountain  side. 

They  grow  heavily  and  stiffly  from  the  level  Hne  of  the  plain. 

8.  I  swore  a  vow  before  them  all. 
I  had  not  seen  the  Holy  Grail. 

I  would  ride  a  twelvemonth  and  a  day  in  quest  of  it. 

9.  In  the  blast  of  lightning  there  smote  along  the  hall  a  beam  of 
light  seven  times  more  clear  than  day. 

Down  the  beam  stole  the  Holy  Grail. 
It  was  covered  with  a  luminous  cloud. 
10.  The  old  stage  coach  was  at  the  door  with  horses  harnessed. 
The  sunshine  reached  the  withered  sward  beneath  the  oaks. 
Their  hoary  branches  murmured:    "Farewell  for  evermore.'* 


EXERCISE  XXXVI 

Model. — (1)  The  barons  assembled  at  Runnymede» 
They  learnt  the  intentions  of  King  John. 
He  did  not  assent  to  their  demands. 
He  saw  them  resolved  on  victory  or  war. 
(2)  After  the  barons  had  assembled  at  Runnymede  in 
order  that  they  might  learn  the  intentions  of  King  John,  he 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  91 

did  not  assent  to  their  demands  until  he  saw  them  resolved 
on  victory  or  war. 

Remarks. — Here  four  simple  sentences  are  combined  into 
one  complex  sentence  consisting  of  one  principal  and  three 
dependent  clauses.  In  making  a  combination  of  this  kind 
it  is  sometimes  necessary  to  change  the  mood  or  tense  or 
both  of  some  of  the  verbs  in  the  original  simple  sentences. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
complex  sentences  of  four  clauses,  one  principal  and  three 
dependent. 

1.  Slowly  lifting  the  horn  and  expanding  fully  his  broad,  deep  chest 
the  herdsman  blew  a  blast. 

The  horn  hung  by  his  side. 

The  blast  resounded  wildly  and  sweet  and  far  through  the  still 
damp  air  of  the  evening. 

Out  of  the  grass  the  long  white  horns  of  the  cattle  rose  like  flakes 
of  foam  on  the  adverse  currents  of  the  ocean. 

2.  I  was  thinking  of  my  boyhood  days. 

I  had  not  thought  so  of  anything  for  years. 
Something  began  to  move  over  my  eyes. 
It  felt  like  tears. 

3.  The  king  bound  them  by  straight  vows  to  his  own  self. 
They  rose,  from  kneeling,  knighted. 

Some  were  dazed. 

A  man  wakes  half-blinded  at  the  coming  of  a  light. 

4.  The  Magian  gave  him  a  draught  of  a  simple  but  potent  remedy. 
He  always  carried  it  in  his  girdle. 

The  Magians  were  physicians  as  well  as  astrologers. 

He  poured  it  slowly  between  the  colorless  lips  of  the  dying  man. 

5.  The  sun  rises  behind  a  ridge  crested  with  pine. 
The  ridge  is  at  a  distance  of  two  miles. 

The  trees  become  trees  of  hght,  seen  in  clear  flame  against  the 
darker  sky  and  dazzling  as  the  sun  itself. 

These  trees  extend  for  a  space  of  three  or  four  degrees  on  either 
side  of  the  sun. 

6.  The  sunlight  has  begun  to  touch  the  waterfall. 
Here  it  begins  to  bend. 


92  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

There  is  a  bar  of  silver  running  across  it. 
This  bar  of  silver  changes  only  with  the  sun. 

7.  A  defeat  might  ruin  the  French. 

It  would  only  exasperate  the  enemy. 

The  enemy's  resources  in  men  were  incomparably  greater. 

Maisonneuve,  the  commander  of  the  French,  knew  this. 

8.  The  child  stood  in  a  lighted  space,  with  one  tiny  hand  enveloped 
by  the  captain's  great  brown  fist. 

She  looked  lovely. 

A  general  exclamation  of  surprise  went  up  from  the  party  of 
searchers. 

They  had  not  expected  to  find  so  fair  and  beautiful  an  object 
among  these  rough  scavengers  of  the  gulf. 

9.  Nature  has  not  yet  started  out  of  winter. 
A  late  snowstorm  comes. 

It  turns  to  rain,  covering  the  limbs  of  the  trees  with  ice  and  put- 
ting a  crystal  coating  on  the  earth. 

Next  morning  all  the  world  glitters  like  spun  glass  under  the  rays 
of  the  sun. 

10.  Earl  Doorm  went  away  leaving  two  brawny  spearmen. 

They  advanced  each  growUng  like  a  dog. 

The  dog's  bone  is  plucked  at  by  the  village  boys. 

The  boys  like  to  vex  the  dog  at  his  meal. 


EXERCISE  XXXVII 

Model. — (1)  The  Old  Guard  made  one  last,  grand  effort. 

The  English  seemed  on  the  point  of  giving  way. 

Bliicher's  arrival  just  at  that  moment  checked  the  exalta- 
tion of  the  French. 

(2)  The  Old  Guard  made  one  last,  grand  effort,  and  the 
English  seemed  on  the  point  of  giving  way,  but  Bliicher's 
arrival  just  at  that  moment  checked  the  exaltation  of  the 
French. 

Remark. — Here  three  simple  sentences  are  combined  into 
one  compound  sentence  of  three  clauses  connected  by  differ- 
ent coordinate  conjunctions. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  93 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  simple  sen- 
tences into  compound  sentences  of  three  clauses  united  by 
different  coordinate  conjunctions.  Try  to  combine  the  sen- 
tences in  various  ways  by  means  of  different  conjunctions  and 
different  combinations  of  the  same  conjunctions. 

1.  The  baron  told  his  longest  stories. 
He  had  never  told  them  so  well. 

They  had  never  been  listened  to  so  attentively. 

2.  The  squire  stood  chuckling  and  rubbing  his  hands. 
He  heard  scarcely  a  word  of  the  parson's  harangue. 

The  latter  was  discoursing  most  authentically  on  the  ancient  and 
stately  dance  of  the  Pavo  or  peacock. 

3.  The  butcher's  family  went  even  as  far  as  an  attempt  at  patronage. 
They  actually  introduced  a  French  dancing-master  into   the 

neighborhood. 

The  worthy  folks  of  Little  Britain,  taking  fire  at  this,  persecuted 
the  poor  Gaul  into  an  indecorous  retreat. 

4.  The  Americans  at  Yorktown  did  not  quail  before  the  fire  of  the 
British. 

The  French  did  not  hesitate  one  moment. 

The  British  were  forced  to  run  up  the  white  flag. 

5.  Europeans  may  yield  themselves  quietly  to  the  sway  of  an  heredi- 
tary despot. 

Europeans  may  suffer  the  greater  tyranny  of  an  irresponsible  and 
unjustly-governed  Republic. 

Americans  will  never  permit  a  violation  of  their  liberties. 

6.  England  gathered  countless  armies. 
England  assembled  immense  fleets. 

Napoleon  was  almost  constantly  successful  in  rendering  Eng- 
land's efforts  futile. 

7.  America  has  never  entered  into  alliances  with  European  nations. 
She  has  not  even  sought  over  anxiously  for  their  friendship. 
Her  rights  have  always  been  respected  by  even  the  most  powerful 

among  them. 

8.  The  United  States  will  buy  up  the  rights  to  the  Panama  canal. 
The  United  States  will  open  up  the  water  way  through  Nicaragua. 
In  either  case  there  will  be  untold  difficulties  to  overcome. 

9.  The  hemlock  branches  hang  heavy  with  snow. 


94  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

The  fern  and  bowlders  Ae  white  and  still  beside  the  dark  running 
brook. 

The  charm  of  the  brook  has  flown. 
10.  Small  streams  are  generally  clear  and  limpid. 

Clearness  is  impossible  in  streams  with  muddy  beds. 

The  brooks  watering  the  great  plains  of  the  West  are  nearly  all 
dyed  red  by  the  clay  soil. 

EXERCISE  XXXVIII 

Model. — (1)  The  sexton  and  his  companions  had  been 
employed  as  carpenters  for  the  celebrated  Stratford  jubilee. 

They  remembered  Garrick,  the  prime  mover  of  the  fete. 

He  superintended  the  arrangements. 

(2)  The  sexton  and  his  companions  had  been  employed  as 
carpenters  for  the  celebrated  Stratford  jubilee  and  they  re- 
membered Garrick,  the  prime  mover  of  the  fete,  who  had 
superintended  the  arrangements. 

Remark. — Here  three  sentences  are  combined  into  one 
compound-complex  sentence  containing  two  principal  clauses 
and  one  dependent  clause. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  containing  two  principal 
clauses  and  one  dependent  clause.  It  makes  no  difference 
where  the  dependent  clause  occurs  or  what  principal  clause 
it  qualifies. 

1.  The  notary *s  story  was  ended. 

The  blacksmith  stood  like  a  man  anxious  to  speak. 
All  his  thoughts  were  congealed  into  lines  on  his  face. 

2.  The  tawny  grasses  are  all  covered  with  something  like  husks, — 
wheat-colored  husks, — ^large,  flat  and  disposed  evenly  along  the  lee  side 
of  each  swaying  stalk. 

They  present  only  their  edges  to  the  wind,.^ 
On  approach  these  husks  detach  themselves,   fluttering  away 
before  your  eyes, — a  whiriing  flower-drift  of  sleepy  butterflies. 

3.  The  sun  lightly  fingered  the  topmost  plumes  of  the  great  pines. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  95 

The  door  of  the  cabin  in  the  forest  was  closed. 

A  ghosthke  wreath  of  blue  smoke  curled  from  the  chimney. 

4.  Short  and  slender,  wasted  by  sickness,  gray  before  his  time,  with 
pale  cheeks  and  wrinkled  brow,  John  of  Antioch  seemed  like  a  person 
of  no  significance, — a  reed  shaken  by  the  wind. 

There  was  a  strange  look  in  his  deep-set,  poignant  eyes. 
That  look  gathered  all  the  glances  of  the  multitude  to  him. 

5.  Jason  could  distinguish  the  words  only  confusedly. 
Each  separate  leaf  of  the  tree  seemed  to  be  a  tongue. 
The  whole  myriad  of  tongues  were  babbling  at  once. 

6.  The  youths  furbished  up  their  helmets  and  shields  and  trusty 
swords. 

They  came  thronging  to  lolcos. 

They  clambered  on  board  the  new  galley. 

7.  The  clouds  hold  the  sun's  rays  in  a  sheaf. 
Thus  a  giant  holds  a  handful  of  spears. 

The  clouds  strike  the  horizon,  touching  the  extreme  edge  with  a 
delicate  revelation  of  light. 

8.  The  clouds,  round  and  brilliant,  come  leaping  up  from  the  hori- 
zon for  hours. 

At  evening  the  clouds  are  bowled  by  a  breeze  from  behind. 
The  lusty  south  wind,  rolling  them  on,  can  be  heard  panting  for 
breath. 

9.  In  the  great  blizzards  of  the  West  all  landmarks,  roadways  and 
trails  are  obscured  in  a  few  minutes. 

Travelers  perish  in  them. 

They  are  overcome  by  the  wind,  the  cold  and  the  driving  snow. 
10.  The  upper  end  of  the  island  is  of  hard  rock  and  compact  gravel. 
It  cleaves  the  river  in  twain,  leaving  the  two  halves  to  spin  away 
on  either  side. 

Thus  the  waters  seem  to  hurry  by  the  sides  of  a  great  ship  at  full 


EXERCISE  XXXIX 

Model. — (1)  The  sea  finally  wears  away  the  projecting 
headland. 

The  headland  leaves  a  sunken  base  a  few  feet  below  the  sur- 
face. 


96  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

Perhaps  there  remains  one  of  those  fantastic  pinnacles  or 
pillars,  usually  called  DeviPs  Pulpits. 

These  may  be  seen  along  almost  any  rocky  coast. 

(2)  When  the  sea  finally  wears  away  the  projecting  head- 
la,nd,  it  leaves  a  sunken  base  a  few  feet  below  the  surface,  or 
perhaps  there  remains  one  of  those  fantastic  pinnacles  or 
pillars  called  Devil's  Pulpits  which  may  be  seen  along 
almost  any  rocky  coast. 

Remark. — Here  four  simple  sentences  are  combined  into  a 
compound-complex  sentence,  with  four  clauses,  two  prin- 
cipal, two  dependent, — each  principal  clause  being  qualified 
by  one  dependent  clause. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  of  four  clauses  as  in  model. 
Try  to  vary  character  of  dependent  clauses  so  that  the 
same  kind  of  dependent  clause  does  not  quahfy  both  prin- 
cipal sentences. 

1.  The  Count  de  Charleu  arrived  at  the  French  Court. 
His  excuses  were  accepted. 

A  tract  of  land  in  Louisiana  was  granted  him. 
There  afterwards  stood  Belles  Demoiselles  Plantation. 

2.  The  golden  fleece  was  hung  upon  a  tree  in  a  sacred  grove. 
It  was  the  envy  of  mighty  kings. 

They  had  nothing  so  magnificent  in  any  of  their  palaces. 
It  was  kept  in  the  grove  many  years. 

3.  The  fifty  heroes  on  board  the  Argo  held  their  oars  perpendicularly 
in  the  air. 

Orpheus  swept  his  fingers  across  the  harp. 

The  vessel  gliding  into  the  sea  dipped  her  prow  deeply. 

The  figurehead  drank  the  waves  with  its  marvelous  lips. 

4.  The  two  winged  youths,  sons  of  the  North  Wind,  blustered  terri- 
bly at  the  Harpies. 

They  frightened  them  with  their  drawn  swords. 
The  Harpies  solemnly  promised  never  to  trouble  King  Phineus 
again. 

The  youths  had  the  rough  temper  of  their  father. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  97 

5.  The  stream,  where  smooth,  sparkles  between  great  borders  of- 
green. 

It  reflects  the  blue  sky. 
It  runs  over  shallows. 
It  turns  to  amethyst. 

6.  Jason,  the  son  of  the  dethroned  king  of  Colchis,  was  a  little  boy. 
He  was  sent  away  from  his  parents. 

He  was  placed  under  a  schoolmaster. 

You  never  heard  of  a  queerer  schoolmaster. 

7.  The  breeze  is  too  light  to  be  felt. 

The  stiff  sedges  whisper  to  it  along  a  mile  of  marsh. 
To  the  strong  wind  they  bend  showing  the  silver  of  their  somber- 
little  tassels. 

So  fish  show  the  silver  of  their  sides  turning  in  the  pathless  sea. 

8.  Pennsylvania  had  no  seacoast. 

It  was  the  only  one  of  the  colonies  without  one. 
Penn  secured  from  the  Duke  of  York  the  proprietorship  of  Dela- 
ware. 

He  wanted  free  access  to  the  ocean. 

9.  There  were  several  good  voices  in  the  household. 

The  effect  of  the  Christmas  carol  was  extremely  pleasing. 

I  was  particularly  gratified  by  the  exaltation  of  heart  and  sudden 
sally  of  grateful  feeling  in  the  Squire. 

He  delivered  one  stanza;  his  eye  glistening  and  his  voice  rambling- 
out  of  all  bounds  of  time  and  tune. 

10.  The  monastery  yard  is  guarded  by  a  St.  Bernard. 

His  single  evil  deed  has  been  an  attack  on  a  neighboring  poet. 

He  tried  to  make  doggerel  of  the  poet. 

This  one  of  the  friars  told  me. 


EXERCISE  XL 

Model. — (1)  The  contralto  bells  of  the  monastery  have 
taught  these  western  hills  the  "  Angelus''  of  the  French  fields. 

They  announce  the  hour  of  night. 

This  hour  rings  with  so  melancholy  a  note  from  the  village? 
belfries  on  the  Adriatic  coast. 

Then  the  latest  light  is  passing. 


98  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

(2)  The  contralto  bells  have  taught  these  western  hills 
the  "Angelas"  of  the  French  fields,  and  announce  the  hour 
of  night  which  rings  with  so  melancholy  a  note  from  the 
village  belfries  on  the  Adriatic  coast  when  the  latest  light  is 
passing. 

Remark. — Here  four  simple  sentences  are  combined  into 
one  compound-complex  sentence  of  four  clauses,  two  prin- 
cipal and  two  dependent,  the  two  dependent  sentences  at- 
tached to  one  of  the  principal  clauses  and  one  of  the  depend- 
ent clauses  dependent  on  the  other. 
*** 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  in  the  form  a-abc  or  abe-a. 

1.    Jason  and  his  friends  slew  a  great  many  of  the  giants. 
The  rest  took  to  their  heels. 
The  giants  had  six  legs  instead  of  six  arms. 
They  would  have  served  them  better  to  run  away  with. 

2.  A  sideboard  was  set  out  under  the  armor  of  the  crusader. 
On  this  was  a  display  of  plate. 

This  plate  might  have  vied  with  Belshazzar's  parade  of  the  vessels 
of  the  temple:  *' flagons,  cans,  cups,  beakers,  goblets,  basins  and  ewers". 

Before  these  stood  the  two  yule  candles,  beaming  like  stars  of  the 
first  magnitude. 

3.  Off  the  children  set  at  last;  one  on  the  pony,  with  the  dog  bound- 
ing and  barking  before  him,  and  the  others  holding  the  servant's  hands. 

I  looked  after  with  a  strange  feeling. 

***For  convenience,  hereafter,  the  construction  of  sentences  will  be 
indicated  thus:  a  will  represent  a  principal  clause;  b,  a  clause  immedi- 
ately dependent  on  the  principal  clause;  c,  a  clause  dependent  on  a  6 
clause ;  d,  a  clause  dependent  on  a  c  clause,  etc.  Thus  the  sentence  given 
as  a  model  in  Exercise  XL  is  in  the  form  a-abc.  The  hyphen  between  a 
group  of  letters  indicates  the  separation  of  the  coordinate  parts — ^the 
principal  clause  with  its  dependent  clauses.  Thou^  the  b  and  c  follow 
the  a  in  the  formula,  they  need  not  do  so  in  the  construction.  They  may 
precede  it. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  99 

Either  pleasure  or  sorrow  predominated  in  this  feeling. 
I  do  not  know  which. 

4.  In  the  winter  the  brook  is  ice-bound. 
Its  only  sound  is  a  gurgle. 

The  water  is  still  running  away  to  the  sea. 
The  gurgle  tells  this. 

5.  Think  well  of  a  blade  of  grass. 
Judge. 

Of  all  the  gorgeous  flowers  and  of  all  strong  and  goodly  trees, 
pleasant  to  the  eyes  and  good  for  food, — stately  palm  and  pine,  strong 
oak  and  ash,  scented  citron,  burdened  vine, — is  there  any  by  man  so 
deeply  loved  ? 

These  flowers  beam  in  summer  air. 

6.  It  was  only  a  handful  of  common  clay,  coarse  and  heavy. 

It  had  high  thoughts  of  its  own  value  and  wonderful  dreams  of  a 
great  place. 

This  place  it  was  to  fill  in  the  world. 

The  time  came  for  its  virtue  to  be  discovered. 

7.  Demetrius  was  not  a  sincere  fanatic  Uke  the  apostate  Emperor 
Julian. 

He  had  won  the  favor  of  his  royal  master. 

Julian's  vain  effort  to  restore  the  worship  of  the  heathen  gods  had 
opened  an  easy  road  to  wealth  and  honors  for  many. 
These  mocked  Christianity. 

8.  Champlain  was  an  excellent  naturalist. 

He  has  left  some  of  the  best  descriptions  of  the  Indians. 

So  they  appeared. 

They  were  first  seen  by  the  white  men. 

9.  We  had  a  glimpse  of  Mother  Ceres  half-hidden  among  the  waving 
corn. 

The  four  black  steeds  were  swiftly  whirling  along  the  chariot. 

The  beloved  Proserpina  was  unwillingly  borne  away  in  the 
chariot. 

You  recollect,  too,  Proserpina's  loud  screams  on  sinking  into  the 
earth. 

10.  The  Wars  of  the  Roses  desolated  England  for  years. 

They  decimated  the  nobility. 

The  commons  began  to  be  a  feature  in  the  government. 

Hitherto  they  had  had  little  influence  in  the  state. 


100  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


EXERCISE  XLI 


Model. — (1)  The  morning,  though  frosty,  was  remarkably 
fine  and  clear. 

Most  of  the  family  walked  to  the  church. 

This  was  a  very  old  building  of  gray  stone. 

It  stood  near  a  village,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  park 
gate. 

(2)  The  morning,  though  frosty,  was  remarkably  fine  and 
clear,  and  most  of  the  family  walked  to  the  church,  which  was 
a  very  old  building  of  gray  stone  and  stood  near  a  village, 
about  half  a  mile  from  the  park  gate. 

Remark. — ^This  sentence  is  written  in  form  a-abb ;  that  is, 
it  is  a  compound-complex  sentence  having  two  principal 
clauses  and  two  dependent  clauses  attached  to  one  of  the 
principal  clauses.  These  dependent  clauses  are  both  imme- 
diately dependent  on  their  principal  clause, — not  one  on  the 
other. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  of  the  form  a-abb  or  abb-a. 
In  order  to  have  the  form  abb,  it  is  not  necessary  that  the 
dependent  clauses  be  united  to  the  principal  by  the  same 
conjunctive  nor  to  one  another  by  the  same  or  any  conjunc- 
tive. Thus  the  sentence,  *'  Napoleon  fled  from  the  field,  and, 
as  he  rode  away  through  the  night,  his  legions  were  cut  to 
pieces  by  the  British,  whose  thirst  for  French  blood  it  was 
hard  to  satisfy,''  is  in  the  form  a-abb. 

1.  The  old  angler  was  a  universal  favorite  in  the  village. 
He  was  acknowledged  the  oracle  of  the  tap-room. 
There  he  deUghted  the  rustics  with  his  songs. 

There,  too,  he  astonished  them  with  his  stories  of  strange  lands 
and  shipwrecks  and  sea-fights. 

2.  Of  late  the  sailor's  sickness  had  increased. 

His  messmates  had  spread  a  mattress  for  him  on  deck  in  the  shade. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLIBfl       /  ,  ,,,   ,    jj}^ 

He  had  taken  to  his  hammock. 

He  only  breathed  a  wish  to  see  his  wife  before  his  death, 

3.  The  beach  is  sandy  and  quite  flat. 

The  broken  wave  pushes  its  waters  in  a  gentle  flood  upward  in 
rings  and  half-circles. 

These  rings  and  half -circles  are  edged  with  white-beaded  foam. 

These  rings  and  half-circles,  advancing  and  pausing  for  a  few 
seconds,  take  on  wonderful  and  still  more  wonderful  colors. 

4.  The  first  fall  of  snow  in  the  glen  produces  the  picturesque. 
The  hemlock  branches  hang  heavy. 

The  fern  and  bowlders  He  white  and  still  beside  the  dark-running 
brook. 

The  charm  of  the  brook  has  flown. 

5.  The  sea  may  be  terrible  to  some. 

Some  have  lived  upon  it  or  beside  it  all  their  lives. 

Some  know  it  well. 

It  is  lovable  in  its  stem  character  and  majestic  desolation. 

6.  *' My  little  Proserpina,  you  are  a  spoiled  child." 
"You  see  the  nice  things." 

"Your  appetite  will  quickly  come  again." 
"My  cook  will  make  the  nice  things  for  you." 

7.  Ceres  had  mistaken  the  rumbhng  of  the  chariot  wheels  for  a  peal 
of  thunder. 

A  shower  was  coming  up. 

It  would  assist  her  in  making  the  corn  grow. 

So  she  imagined. 

8.  About  the  break  of  day  the  knight  was  awakened  by  a  great  roar- 
ing and  pounding. 

Looking  out  of  the  window,  he  saw  the  river  in  flood  with  black 
waves. 

The  black  waves  were  spuming  like  wild  beasts. 

They  were  driving  before  them  great  logs  and  broken  trees. 

9.  Often  in  our  English  mornings,  the  rain-clouds  in  the  dawn  form 
soft  level  fields. 

These  melt  imperceptibly  into  the  blue. 

When  of  less  extent,  they  gather  into  apparent  bars,  crossing  the 
sheets  of  broader  clouds  above. 

All  these  rain-clouds  are  bathed  throughout  in  an  unspeakable 
light  of  pure  rose-color  and  purple  and  amber  and  blue,  not  shining  but 
misty  soft. 


102  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

'*>*',/<;'     ;  c\', 

10.  Moved  to  its  entrails,  all  the  islet  of  oaks  trembled. 

The  sea  magnified  its  menace. 

The  sea  reached  out  widely  to  the  trees  already  fallen. 

The  rest  of  the  oaks,  standing  on  and  striving  in  line,  saved  the 
habitations  defended  by  them. 

EXERCISE  XLII 

Model. — (1)  Overhead,  in  the  spring  sunshine,  the  trees 
whispered  together  of  glory. 

The  glory  descended  upon  them. 

The  delicate  leaves  and  blossoms  began  to  expand. 

The  forest  glowed  with  fair,  clear  colors. 

The  dust  of  thousands  of  rubles  and  emeralds  was  hanging 
in  the  soft  clouds  above  the  earth. 

(2)  Overhead,  in  the  spring  sunshine,  the  trees  whispered 
together  of  the  glory  which  descended  upon  them  when  the 
delicate  blossoms  and  leaves  began  to  expand,  and  the  forest 
glowed  with  fair,  clear  colors  as  if  the  dust  of  thousands  of  ru- 
bies and  emeralds  were  hanging  in  soft  clouds  above  the  earth. 

Remark. — Here  five  sentences  are  combined  into  one 
compound-complex  sentence  of  the  form  abc-ab. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  of  the  form  abc-ab  or  ab-abc. 

1.  The  flowers,  surprised  with  the  joy  of  beauty,  bent  their  heads  tc 
one  another. 

The  wind  caressed  them. 
They  wondered  at  their  fairness. 
They  had  become  so  lovely. 
They  made  the  day  bright. 

2.  The  knight  and  the  maid  walked  in  the  garden. 
The  days  were  fair  and  still. 

The  river  ran  lowly  and  slowly.  ~  -  _^ 

It  was  full  of  gentleness. 

Its  god  had  never  shown  such  gentleness  before. 

3.  Lowland  trees  may  lean  to  this  side  and  that. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  103 

There  is  but  a  meadow  breeze. 

This  bends  them. 

Pines  will  always  grow  straight. 

Storm  and  avalanche  may  do  their  worst. 

4.  His  dear  mother  was  now  to  be  taken  from  him. 
Cadmus,  bursting  into  tears,  refused  to  believe. 

It  was  better  for  her  spirit  to  pass  out  of  the  toil,  the  weariness,  the 
grief  and  disappointment. 

All  these  had  burdened  her  on  earth. 
Telephassa  at  length  made  him  discern  this. 

5.  There  was  fire  in  the  chimney  of  the  chamber. 

Ceres  and  the  little  prince  were  accustomed  to  sleep  in  that 
chamber. 

The  fire  crumbled  into  great  coals  and  embers. 

These  lay  flickering  on  the  hearth,  with  the  blaze  starting  up  now 
and  then. 

The  blaze  flung  a  warm  and  ruddy  light  upon  the  walls. 

6.  In  her  despair  over  the  loss  of  her  daughter  Ceres  came  to  a  dread- 
ful resolution. 

Not  a  stalk  of  grain,  nor  a  blade  of  grass,  nor  a  potato,  nor  a  turnip, 
nor  any  other  vegetable  good  for  man  or  beast  would  be  suffered  to  grow. 
Her  daughter  was  restored. 
She  even  forbade  the  flowers  to  bloom. 
Somebody's  heart  would  be  cheered  by  their  beauty. 

7.  On  Christmas  night,  1776,  Washington  crossed  the  Delaware  in 
open  boats. 

The  river  was  full  of  floating  ice. 

He  marched  nine  miles  through  a  blinding  snowstorm. 

He  surprised  the  British  under  Cornwallis. 

The  British  were  altogether  unsuspicious  of  his  intentions. 

8.  There  was  a  noble  way  in  former  times  of  saying  things  simply  and 
proudly. 

Then  all  men  were  brave  and  true. 

Not  an  epitaph  within  my  knowledge  breathes  a  loftier  conscious- 
ness of  family  worth  and  honorable  lineage. 

All  the  brothers  were  brave  and  all  the  sisters  virtuous. 
This,  an  epitaph  of  that  old  day  affirms  of  a  noble  house. 

9.  The  darkness  and  fog  preceded  the  dawn. 

Some  few  Indians,  breaking  through  the  besiegers  in  the  darkness 
and  fog,  escaped  into  the  woods. 


104  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

The  rest  were  left  to  their  conquerors,  to  be  killed  in  the  swamp 
like  sullen  dogs. 

They  did  not  implore  for  mercy. 

They  would  rather  in  their  self-willedness  and  madness — accord- 
ing to  a  hostile  historian — sit  still  to  be  shot  through  and  cut  to  pieces. 

10.  It  is  nature's  plan  to  beat  down  all  mountains  into  the  dust  of  the 
plain  and  the  sand  of  the  seashore. 

Thus  she  is  beating  down  the  New  England  hills  and  the  hills  of  old 
England. 

The  plan  will  take  many  ages  for  its  fulfillment. 

To-day  the  little  hills  clapping  their  hands  rejoice  as  in  the  days 
of  David. 

They  will  not  disappear  until  the  coming  of  another  David. 

EXERCISE  XLIII 

Model. — (1)  All  night  long,  Vasda,  the  swiftest  of  Arta- 
ban^s  horses,  had  been  waiting,  saddled  and  bridled,  in  her 
stall,  pawing  the  ground  impatiently  and  shaking  her  bit. 

She  shared  the  eagerness  of  her  master's  purpose. 

She  did  not  know  its  meaning. 

The  birds  had  fully  roused  to  their  strong,  high,  joyful 
chant  of  morning  song. 

The  song  quivered  through  the  white  mist  Hfting  lazily 
from  the  plain. 

The  Wise  Man  was  in  the  saddle,  riding  swiftly  along  the 
highroad. 

(2)  All  night  long,  Vasda,  the  swiftest  of  Artaban's  horses, 
had  been  waiting,  saddled  and  bridled,  in  her  stall,  pawing 
the  ground  impatiently  and  shaking  her  bit  as  if  she  shared 
the  eagerness  of  her  master's  purpose  though  she  knew  not 
its  meaning,  and,  before  the  birds  had  fully  roused  to  their 
strong,  high,  joyful  chant  of  morning  song  which  quivered 
through  the  white  mist  lifting  lazily  from'^the  plain,  the 
Wise  Man  was  in  the  saddle,  riding  swiftly  along  the  high- 
road. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  105 

Remark. — Here  six  sentences  are  combined  into  one  com- 
pound-complex sentence  in  the  form  abc-abc. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  of  the  form  abc-abc. 

1.  The  Arab  master,  sharing  his  evening  meal  with  his  hungry  horse, 
feels  his  soft,  moist  lips. 

They  caress  the  palm  of  his  hand. 
They  close  over  the  morsel  of  bread. 

He  is  roused  from  his  bivouac  by  the  gentle  stir  of  a  warm,  sweet 
breath. 

The  breath  moves  over  his  face. 

The  gray  dawn  breaks  from  underground. 

2.  Artaban  crossed  the  level  plains  of  the  Nisseans. 

There  the  famous  herds  of  horses  galloped  away  with  a  thunder  of 
many  hoofs. 

They  heard  Vasda  approaching. 

Artaban  crossed  the  fertile  fields  of  Concabar. 

The  dust  from  the  threshing  floors  filled  the  air  with  a  golden 
mist. 

The  mist  half  hid  the  huge  temple  of  Astarte  with  its  four  hundred 
pillars. 

3.  The  horse  was  almost  spent. 

He  had  been  traveling  from  morning. 

The  rider  knew  this. 

He  had  to  reach  the  temple  within  three  hours. 

He  would  find  his  comrades. 

They  were  waiting  for  him. 

4.  The  four  black  horses  immediately  broke  into  a  swift  gallop. 
They  rather  flew  through  the  air. 

They  did  not  run  along  the  earth. 

In  a  moment  Proserpina  lost  sight  of  the  pleasant  vale  of  Enna. 

There  she  had  dwelt. 

It  was  far  back  into  the  past. 

5.  Napoleon  had  overcome  coalition  after  coalition. 

'     These  coalitions  had  often  seemed  to  threaten  his  downfall. 
He  felt  secure  of  his  empire. 
He  was  on  the  brink  of  ruin. 

The  strength  of  the  French  nation  was  completely  sapped. 
It  could  give  him  no  more  armies  and  no  more  supplies. 


106  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

6.  There  has  been  a  saying  among  the  ancient  Sibyls. 

The  grasshopper  on  top  of  the  Exchange  shook  hands  with  tht 
dragon  on  top  of  Bow  Church  steeple. 

Fearful  events  took  place. 

This  strange  conjunction  has  as  strangely  come  to  pass. 

The  same  architect,  being  engaged  on  the  repairs  of  the  cupola  of 
the  Exchange  and  the  steeple  of  Bow  Church,  threw  the  grasshopper  and 
the  dragon  into  the  yard  of  his  workshop. 

There  they  lie  cheek  by  jowl. 

7.  The  tide  rises  only  about  a  foot. 
This  happens  on  the  coast  of  Florida. 

There  is  no  appreciable  wearing  away  of  the  shore. 
It  is  quite  different  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 
There  it  rises  some  fifty  feet  with  great  rapidity. 
Its  wear  on  that  arrow  pointed  bay  is  almost  as  severe  as  that  of 
storm  waves. 

8.  A  bird,  flying  towards  the  king,  hovered  in  the  air. 
It  almost  brushed  the  king's  face  with  its  wings. 
King  Ulysses  tried  to  catch  the  bird. 

It  fluttered  nimbly  out  of  his  reach,  still  chirping  in  a  piteous  tone. 

It  could  have  told  a  lamentable  story. 

Only  it  had  not  been  gifted  with  human  language. 

9.  The  pygmies  were  on  a  campaign  against  the  cranes. 
The  cranes  were  always  hostile  to  the  pygmies. 

The  pygmies,  according  to  some  historians,  used  to  go  to  battle 
mounted  on  the  backs  of  goats  and  rams. 

Such  animals  must  have  been  far  too  large  for  the  pygmies  to  ride 
upon. 

Probably  they  rode  on  squirrelbaclc  or  rabbitback  or  ratback  or  on 
hedgehogs. 

The  prickly  quills  of  the  hedgehog  would  be  very  terrible  to  the 
enemy. 

10.  All  this  great  plain  from  one  edge  of  the  horizon  to  the  other  has 
been  gathered  up  like  a  woven  garment  in  the  hands  of  God. 

He  has  shaken  it  into  deep,  falling  folds. 

So  the  robes  droop  from  a  king's  shoulders. 

All  the  forests  rear  themselves  aslant  against  its  slopes. 

So  a  rider  rears  himself. 

His  horse  plunges. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  107 


EXERCISE  XLIV 

Model. — (1)  The  planet  Venus  and  some  of  the  fixed  stars 
are  bright  enough  to  throw  at  times  a  long  reflecting  track 
upon  ruffled  water. 

The  colors  produced  by  them  upon  landscape  are  blurred 
into  smudges  of  dark  purple  and  blue. 

The  hues  of  the  shadows  are  vague. 

Our  eyes  cannot  perceive  them. 

(2)  The  planet  Venus  and  some  of  the  fixed  stars  are 
bright  enough  to  throw  at  times  a  long  reflecting  track  upon 
ruffled  water,  but  the  colors  produced  by  them  upon  land- 
scape are  "blurred  into  smudges  of  dark  purple  and  blue,  and 
the  hues  of  the  shadows  are  so  vague  that  our  eyes  cannot 
perceive  them. 

Remark. — Here  four  sentences  are  combined  into  one  com- 
pound-complex sentence  of  the  form  a-a-ab. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  of  the  form  a-a-ab,  a-ab-a,  or 
ab-a-a. 

1.  The  tree  and  the  bank,  the  fern  and  the  burning  cardinal  flower, 
are  mirrored  in  the  dark  pools  of  the  stream. 

The  cloud  shadow  and  the  sun-burst  are  flung  across  the  moving 
surface. 

The  path  of  the  moonlight  weaves  these. 
It  weaves  on  the  rippling,  flowing  sea. 

2.  Thirty  years  ago  the  Mississippi  was  a  beautiful  river. 
It  was  never  more  impressive  than  at  night  in  storm. 

The  pilot  at  the  wheel  was  finding  the  channel-way  by  lightning 
flashes. 

To-day  the  charm  of  its  wildness  and  primitive  glory  has  de- 
parted. 

3.  The  mountain  stream  keeps  swishing  and  swirling  all  day  long, 
working  its  way  in  and  out,  over  and  under  bed  bowlders,  waterfalls  and 
deep  pools. 


108  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

The  swing  in  of  the  water  towards  the  shore  hollows  out  pools  and 
deep  eddies. 

The  sand  removed  from  a  bank  is  always  deposited  a  few  yards 
below  and  on  the  opposite  bank. 

There  a  bar  is  forming. 

4.  The  knight  rushed  upon  the  churls  shouting  for  joy. 

There  was  a  great  medley  of  breaking  chairs  and  tables  and  curs- 
ing and  smiting. 

He  gave  horrible  strokes  with  his  sword. 
His  strokes  put  the  knaves  to  flight. 

5.  Gnarled  oaks  rose  in  groves  like  tidal  waves. 
Their  branches  were  knotted  as  if  in  rage. 

Smooth  forests  of  beech  trees,  round  and  gray,  swept  over  the 
knolls  and  slopes  of  land  in  a  mighty  ground-swell. 

Most  of  all  the  multitude  of  pines  and  firs,  innumerable  and  mo- 
notonous, with  straight,  stark  trunks,  and  branches  woven  together  in 
an  unbroken  flood  of  darkest  green,  crowded  through  the  valleys  and 
over  the  hills,  rising  on  the  highest  ridges  into  ragged  crests,  like  the 
foaming  edge  of  breakers. 

6.  I  could  not  help  smiling  at  this  display  of  small  erudition  on  so 
whimsical  a  subject. 

The  peacocks  were  birds  of  some  consequence  at  the  Hall. 
The  squire  was  extremely  careful  to  keep  up  the  breed. 
They  belonged  to  chivalry. 

7.  The  blue  abyss  of  day  seemed  to  yawn  over  the  world  more  deeply 
than  ever  before. 

One  great  noon  a  sudden  change  touched  the  quicksilver  smooth- 
ness of  the  waters. 

The  swaying  shadow  of  a  vast  motion,  a  monstrous  wrinkle,  an 
immeasurable  fold  of  green  water,  moved  forward  swift  as  a  cloud 
shadow  pursued  by  sunlight. 

The  whole  sea-circle  appeared  to  rise  up  bodily  at  the  sky. 

8.  The  child  sat  trembling  in  the  Httle  cabin. 

An  infinity  of  flutings  and  tinklings  made  by  tiny  amphibia, — 
like  the  low  blowing  of  numberless  little  tin  horns  and  the  clanking  of 
billions  of  little  bells, — was  borne  to  her  from  the  swamp. 

At  intervals  came  profound  tones  vibrant  and  heavy  as  a  bass- 
viol — ^the  orchestra  of  the  great  frogs. 

Interwoven  with  it  all  was  one  continuous  shrilling, — keen  as  the 
steel  speech  of  a  saw, — the  stridulous  telegraphy  of  crickets. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  109 

9.  Appearances  are  most  pacific. 

These  Louisiana  fishermen  divine  far  off  tempests  like  the  gulls. 
Like  the  gulls,  too,  you  see  their  light  vessels  fleeing  landward. 
They  are  rarely  lost  in  the  sudden  storms  of  the  gulf. 
10.  Chiron,  the  schoolmaster  of  Jason,  was  one  of  the  people  or  quad- 
rupeds called  Centaurs. 
He  lived  in  a  cave. 

He  had  the  body  and  legs  of  a  white  horse. 
His  head  and  shoulders  were  those  of  a  man. 

EXERCISE  XLV 

Model. — (1)  Robert  Preston,  whilom  drawer  at  the  Boar's 
Head,  was  buried  in  a  small  cemetery  immediately  under  the 
back  windows  of  the  tavern. 

One  night  the  ghost  of  Preston  was  attracted  by  the  call 
of  ''waiter"  from  the  Boards  Head. 

The  wind  was  unruly,  howling  and  whistling,  banging 
about  doors  and  windows  and  twirling  weathercocks. 

The  ghost  made  its  sudden  appearance  in  the  midst  of  a 
roaring  club. 

The  parish  clerk  was  just  singing  a  stave  from  the  ''Merrie 
Garland  of  Captain  Death ''. 

(2)  Robert  Preston,  whilom  drawer  at  the  Boar's  Head, 
was  buried  in  a  small  cemetery  immediately  under  the  back 
windows  of  the  tavern,  and  one  night,  when  the  wind  was 
unruly,  howling  and  whistling,  banging  about  doors  and 
windows  and  twirling  weathercocks,  the  ghost  of  Preston 
was  attracted  by  the  call  of  "waiter''  from  the  Boar's  Head, 
and  made  its  sudden  appearance  in  the  midst  of  a  roaring 
club  just  as  the  parish  clerk  was  singing  a  stave  from  the 
*'Merrie  Garland  of  Captain  Death". 

Remark. — Here  five  sentences  are  combined  into  one  com- 
pound-complex sentence  of  the  form  a-ab-ab. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 


110  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

compound-complex  sentences  of  the  form  a-ab-ab,  ab-ab-a, 
or  ab-a-ab. 

1.  The  broken-hearted  father  closed  the  door  reverently. 
He  was  shutting  it  on  the  dead. 

He  went  downstairs. 

He  threw  himself  almost  fainting  with  despair  and  fatigue  on 
the  sofa. 

The  world  outside  awoke  to  a  new  day  with  all  its  countless  and 
joyous  activities  and  duties. 

2.  It  was  a  hasty  summons. 

The  followers  of  Peveril  were  well  accustomed  to  the  sound  of 
"Boot  and  Saddle". 

They  were  soon  mounted  in  order. 

In  all  the  form  and  with  some  of  the  dignity  of  danger  they  pro 
ceeded  to  escort  the  Countess  of  Derby  across  the  hilly  and  desert  tract 
of  country. 

This  tract  connects  the  frontier  of  the  shire  with  the  neighboring 
shire  of  Cheshire. 

3.  Then  the  travelers  passed  a  larger  group  of  dwellings. 
All  were  silent  and  unlighted. 

Beyond  they  saw  a  great  house  with  many  outbuildings  and  in- 
closed courtyards. 

The  hounds  bayed  furiously. 
There  was  no  other  sign  of  life. 

4.  The  bright  crimson  of  autumn  had  long  since  disappeared  from 
the  trees,  bleached  away  by  the  storms  and  the  cold. 

There  were  some  withered  leaves, — torn  and  faded  banners  of  the 
departed  summer. 

The  leaves  still  clung  to  the  branches  of  the  oak. 

To-night  these  tattered  remnants  of  glory  were  red. 

They  looked  like  ancient  blood-stains  against  the  dark-blue  sky. 

5.  Grouchy  had  come  up  in  time. 

Waterloo  might  have  been  saved  to  the  French. 
They  looked  all  day  and  in  vain  for  their  reserve. 
They  saw  the  dust  of  Bliicher's  columns  in  the  distance. 
They  knew  their  doom.  ** 

6.  The  people  of  England  did  not  suspect  Monk  of  any  dissatisfaction 
with  the  Commonwealth. 

He  cherished  affection  for  the  Stuarts. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  111 

The  people  did  not  imagine  it. 

He  restored  the  ancient  dynasty. 

There  was  little  murmuring  against  him. 

7.  The  clouds  go  scudding  before  the  summer  breezes. 

In  other  lands  the  shadow  of  the  clouds  glides  across  the  meadows 
covered  with  buttercups  and  daisies. 

It  climbs  the  wooded  mountains  to  vanish  over  the  ridge. 

The  hills  and  moors  of  Scotland  always  seem  the  best  playground 
for  the  sunburst  and  the  flying  shadow. 

Those  hills  and  moors  are  bare  and  without  beauty. 

8.  The  sphinx  is  one  of  the  oldest  monuments  raised  by  man. 
With  its  face  to  the  sun  and  its  back  to  the  desert  it  has  felt  the 

far-traveling  waves  of  sand  lapping  its  shoulders  for  centuries. 
One  does  not  know  how  many  centuries  of  desolation. 
The  sands  were  there. 
It  was  carved. 

9.  Artaban  would  keep  the  appointed  hour  with  the  other  wise  men. 
He  must  indeed  ride  wisely. 

He  knew  Vasda^s  strength. 

He  pushed  forward  without  anxiety,  making  the  fixed  distance 
every  day. 

He  had  to  travel  late  into  the  night  and  in  the  morning  long  before 
sunrise. 

10.  I  came  down  through  the  mountains. 

The  city  of  Salome  was  not  easy  to  find. 

I  looked  from  a  distant  shoulder  of  the  hills  for  the  little  bay  full  of 
greenery. 

The  bay  was  not  to  be  seen. 

There  was  only  a  white  town  shining  far  off  against  the  brown 
cliffs,  like  a  flake  of  mica  in  a  cleft  of  the  rocks. 

EXERCISE  XL VI 

Model. — (1)  Just  at  sundown,  a  beautiful  cloud-bridge 
grew  up. 

The  bridge  arched  the  sky  with  a  single  span  of  cottony 
pink  vapor. 

With  the  dying  of  the  iridescent  day,  the  bridge  swung 
round  to  make  way  for  the  coming  of  the  gale. 


112  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

The  light  bridges  swing  open  at  the  long,  bellowing  signal 
of  the  luggermen's  conch-shells. 

Those  bridges  traverse  the  dreamy  Teche. 

(2)  Just  at  sundown  a  beautiful  cloud-bridge  grew  up  and 
arched  the  sky  with  a  single  span  of  cottony-pink  vapor,  but 
with  the  dying  of  the  iridescent  day,  the  bridge  swung  round 
to  make  way  for  the  coming  of  the  gale,  even  as  the  light 
bridges,  that  traverse  the  dreamy  Teche,  open  at  the  long, 
bellowing  signal  of  the  luggermen^s  conch-shells. 

Remark. — Here  five  simple  sentences  are  combined  into 
one  compound-complex  sentence  of  the  form  a-a-abc. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  of  the  form  a-a-abc,  a-abc-a, 
or  abc-a-a. 

1.  The  glen  had  been  called  by  strangers  the  Hollow  ot  the  Fairies. 
The  neighbors  were  more  cautious  in  speaking  of  the  place. 
They  avoided  giving  it  a  name  from  an  idea  then  prevalent  and 

still  retained  in  Scotland. 

Someone  speaks  good  or  ill  of  this  capricious  race  of  imaginary 
beings. 

He  provokes  their  resentrqent. 

2.  A  pygmy  climbed  upon  the  giant's  shoulder. 

He  took  a  view  around  the  horizon  as  from  the  summit  of  a  hill. 
He  beheld  something  a  long  way  off. 
The  something  made  him  rub  the  bright  specks  of  his  eyes. 
The  something  was  very  ominous. 

3.  The  streams  in  the  mountains  move  in  showers  of  silver. 
They  are  clothed  with  rainbows. 

They  bring  health  and  life  to  everything  within  their  reach. 
In  level  lands  they  creep  in  dark  eddies  by  unwholesome  banks. 
The  banks  stain  their  waters  putrid  black  or  muddy  red. 

4.  The  American  people  knew  of  no  treaty  with  the  Filipinos. 
Dewey  denied  the  existence  of  any. 

The  political  opponents  of  the  ruling  party  m  the  United  States 
claimed  an  agreement  equivalent  to  a  treaty. 
The  Americans  were  assaulting  Manila. 


FUNDAMj^NTAL   ENGLISH  113 

The  insurgents,  supplied  with  American  arms,  fought  side  by  side 
with  our  men. 

5.  The   knight's  belongings  were  numbered  among  the  train  oi 
baggage. 

The  baggage  attended  upon  the  Abbot's  party. 

The  k^xight  had  the  good  fortune  to  find  this  out. 

He  turned  his  horse's  head. 

He  accompanied  the  Abbot  to  the  tower  of  Glendearg. 

6.  The  wave-tossed,  wind-beaten  surface  of  the  North  Atlantic  does 
not  reflect  the  tints  of  the  heavens. 

From  the  smooth  equatorial  swell,  all  the  light  and  warmth  and 
glow  of  the  skies  are  cast  back  as  from  a  mountain  lake. 

Every  opaline  flush  upon  the  cloud,  every  pale-lilac  of  the  horizon- 
vapors,  every  green  and  gold  of  the  barred  sky  at  sunset,  repeats  its 
image  in  the  slow-heaving  wave. 

The  vast  water  seems  but  an  inverted  sky. 

In  that  sky  swims  a  realm  of  light  and  color. 

7.  Moisture  gathering  about  tiny  dust  particles  in  the  air  makes 
raindrops. 

The  raindrops  are  covered  with  an  elastic  skin. 
They  may  be  wrapped  in  an  elastic  envelope. 
This  skin  or  envelope  prevents  them  from  breaking. 
They  come  in  contact  with  an  outside  body. 

8.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  the  North  did  not  appreciate 
the  determination  of  the  South. 

The  South  did  not  realize  the  strength  of  the  North. 
They  would  continue  the  struggle. 
One  or  the  other  could  not  raise  a  hand. 
They  were  both  resolved  on  this. 

9.  Under  the  old  charter  the  governors  were  the  representatives  of 
the  people. 

Their  way  of  living  had  probably  been  marked  by  a  popular 
simplicity. 

They  should  preserve  the  dignity  of  their  station  by  the  practice 
of  high  and  gorgeous  ceremonials. 

Now  they  thought  this  necessary. 

They  represented  the  person  of  the  king. 
10.  The  blizzard  suddenly  overtakes  the  wayfarer. 

He  is  far  from  home. 

He  will  wander  on  aimlessly  through  the  blinding  storm. 


114  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

He  will  sink  into  some  pitfall  hidden  by  the  drifted  now. 
In  neither  case  will  he  ever  see  home  again. 


EXERCISE  XLVII 

Model. — (1)  The  old  master  has  spent  much  of  his  life  in 
the  smoky,  noisy,  buzzing  schoolroom. 

He  has  a  holiday. 

He  feels  himself  a  stranger  in  the  world. 

Forth  he  goes. 

There  stands  his  old  chair,  vacant  and  solitary. 

The  good  master  Cneever  resumes  his  seat  in  it  to-mor- 
row morning. 

(2)  The  old  master  has  spent  so  much  of  his  life  in  the 
smoky,  noisy,  buzzing  schoolroom  that,  when  he  has  a 
holiday,  he  feels  himself  a  stranger  in  the  world,  but  forth 
he  goes,  and  there  stands  his  old  chair,  vacant  and  solitary, 
till  good  master  Cheever  resumes  his  seat  in  it  to-morrow 
morning. 

Remark. — Here  six  simple  sentences  are  combined  into 
one  compound-complex  sentence  of  the  form  abc-a-ab. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  of  the  form  a-ab-abc,  it  mak- 
ing no  difference  to  which  of  the  a  clauses  the  b  or  be  clauses 
are  attached. 

1.  The  trees  grew  heavily  and  stiffly  from  the  level  line  of  the  plain. 
They  seemed  weakly  and  unshapely. 

Bending  themselves  against  the  mountain  side,  they  assume 
strange  curves  of  strength  and  grace. 

They  breathe  more  freely. 

They  toss  their  branches  more  carelessly. 

Each  climbs  higher,  looking  to  the  clear  light  above  the  topmost 
leaves  of  its  brother  tree.  "* 

2.  Back  from  the  sea,  in  the  summer  time,  lie  white  furnaces  of  blast- 
ing sand. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  115 

These  are  the  broad  beds  of  the  river  gods. 
Nearer  the  coast  the  soft  wings  of  the  Sea  Angel  droop  with  dew. 
Faltering  on  the  hills  are  the  shadows  of  the  Angel's  plumes. 
These  shadows  are  the  strange  laughings  and  glitterings  of  silver 
streamlets. 

These  streamlets  twine  about  the  mossy  heights  in  trickling  tinsel. 

3.  At  the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary  war,  England  foresaw  no 
grave  danger  in  the  American  uprising. 

France  had  little  hope  of  our  ultimate  success. 
France  was  friendly  to  us. 

The  Americans  were  as  strong  after  several  years  of  struggle  as  at 
the  beginning. 

They  perceived  this. 

Both  France  and  England  changed  their  plans  and  purposes. 

4.  Arimathean  Joseph  brought  the  Holy  Grail  to  Glastonbury. 
There  the  winter  thorn  blooms  at  Christmas. 

There  awhile  the  Grail  abode. 

A  man  could  see  the  cup. 

The  cup  was  visible  only  to  those  free  from  stain  of  sin. 

The  man  was  healed,  by  faith,  of  all  his  ills. 

5.  Dame  Elspeth  left  an  able  substitute  in  the  kitchen. 
She  could  entrust  nothing  to  Mary  Avenel's  care. 
Mary  had  been  brought  up  so. 

Regretting  this,  Dame  Elspeth  hastily  donned  her  best  attire. 
The  Abbot  crossed  her  humble  threshold. 

With  a  beating  heart,  she  presented  herself  at  the  door  of  her 
little  tower  to  make  obeisance  to  the  Lord  Abbot. 

6.  A  second  sight  could  peer  into  the  houses  and  the  hearts  of  men. 
I  possessed  a  second  sight. 

I  have  often  wished  for  this. 

This  is  not  possible. 

We  know  the  interior  of  brick  walls. 

We  can  but  guess  the  mystery  of  human  bosoms. 

7.  Roland  Graeme  slept  long  and  sound. 
The  sun  was  high  over  the  horizon. 

The  voice  of  his  companion  summoned  him  to  resume  his  pilgrimage. 
He  hastily  arranged  his  dress. 
He  went  to  attend  her  call. 

The  enthusiastic  matron  stood  already  at  the  threshold,  prepared 
for  her  journey. 


116  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

8.  We,  in  England,  have  our  new  street,  our  new  inn,  our  green 
shaven  lawn  and  our  piece  of  ruin  emergent  from  it, — a  mere  specimen 
of  the  middle  ages  put  on  a  bit  of  velvet  carpet  to  be  shown. 

But  for  its  size,  it  might  as  well  be  on  the  museum  shelf  at  once, 
under  cover. 

On  the  Continent,  the  links  are  unbroken  between  the  past  and 
the  present. 

The  gray-headed  wrecks  are  suffered  to  stay  with  men. 

They  are  of  some  use. 

For  this  use  they  serve. 

9.  Other  trees,  tufting  crag  or  hill,  yield  to  the  form  and  sway  of 
the  ground. 

They  clothe  it  with  some  compliance,  being  partly  its  subjects, 
partly  its  flatterers,  partly  its  comforters. 

The  pine  rises  in  serene  resistance,  self-contained. 

I  can  never  without  awe  stay  long  under  a  great  Alpine  cliff,  look- 
ing up  to  its  companies  of  pine. 

They  stand  on  the  inaccessible  juts  and  perilous  ledges  of  the 
enormous  wall. 

There  each  is  like  the  shadow  of  the  one  beside  it, — upright,  fixed, 
spectral,  as  troops  of  ghosts  standing  on  the  walls  of  Hades. 

10.  The  mere  power  of  familiarity  with  the  clouds,  of  walking  with 
them  and  above  them,  alters  our  whole  conception  of  the  baseless  archi- 
tecture of  the  sky. 

It  renders  that  conception  clear. 

There  is  beauty  in  all  the  white  heaps  of  cloud. 

These  heaps  fill  the  arched  sky  of  the  plain  from  one  horizon  to 
the  other. 

There  is  more  beauty  in  a  single  wreath  of  early  cloud,  pacing  its 
way  up  an  avenue  of  mountain  pine,  or  pausing  among  the  points  of 
their  fringes 

EXERCISE  XLVIII 

Model. — (1)  I  cannot  tell  thee  half  of  the  strange  pleasures 
and  thoughts. 

They  come  about  me  at  the  sight  of  that"  old  tower. 

Everything  makes  Europe  interesting  as  opposed  to  new 
countries. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  117 

In  some  sort  this  tower  is  the  epitome  of  that  everything. 

You  yourself  may  see  it  some  day. 

You  will  experience  the  same  delights. 

(2)  I  cannot  tell  thee  half  of  the  strange  pleasures  and 
thoughts  that  come  about  me  at  the  sight  of  that  old  tower, 
for,  in  some  sort,  it  is  the  epitome  of  everything  that  makes 
Europe  interesting,  as  opposed  to  new  countries;  but,  i:^ 
you  yourself  see  it  some  day,  you  will  experience  the  sam^.. 
deUghts. 

Remark. — Here  six  simple  sentences  are  combined  into 
one  compound-complex  sentence  of  the  form  abcd-ab. 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  of  the  form  abcd-ab  or  ab-abcd» 

1.  That  indefatigable  spirit,  Master  Simon,  had  conceived  the  idea 
of  a  Christmas  mummery  or  masking. 

He  was  faithfully  discharging  his  duties  as  lord  of  misrule. 

He  had  called  to  his  assistance  the  Oxonian  and  the  young  officer. 

Anything  would  occasion  romping  or  merriment. 

They  were  equally  ripe  for  it. 

They  would  carry  his  plans  into  instant  effect. 

2.  He  was  anticipated  at  the  place  of  rendezvous  by  Arnold. 
Arnold  had  named  it. 

Any  object  visible  near  the  huge  gray  stone  should  apprise  him. 
Andre  cast  many  an  anxious  glance  to  see  this. 
The  American  general  had  already  reached  the  place  of  meeting. 
The  flutter  of  a  blue  cloak  soon  made  Andre  aware  of  this. 

3.  I  have  no  respect  for  titled  rank. 

It  is  accompanied  by  true  nobility  of  soul. 

In  all  countries,  the  very  highest  classes  are  always  the  most 
modest  and  unassuming. 

They  might  be  expected  to  claim  some  special  marks  of  respect« 
Artificial  distinctions  between  classes  exist. 
I  have  remarked  this. 

4.  The  hole  kept  growing  deeper  and  deeper. 
It  seemed  to  have  no  bottom. 

Proserpina  stood  straining  her  eyes  into  the  depths.  | 

She  was  frightened.  \ 


118  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

She  was  not  able  to  run  away  from  the  four  sabla  horses. 
They  came  tearing  out  of  the  earth  with  a  splendid  golden  chariot 
whirling  at  their  heels. 

5.  Sadness  comes  upon  youth. 
It  has  httle  reason  in  it. 

It  has  all  the  more  weariness  and  gloom. 
The  man  oppressed  by  it  feels  deeply. 
He  is  tired  of  living. 
He  has  not  fairly  begun  to  live. 

6.  The  mountain  flowers  find  out  for  themselves  unapproachable 


They  can  gather  into  happier  fellowships. 

They  fear  no  evil  from  the  plow. 

They  fell  before  the  plow  on  the  plain. 

They  breathe  freely  in  their  mountain  fastnesses. 

The  birds  sing  above  them. 

7.  With  crumbling  stones  were  formed  the  most  majestic  mountain 
forms. 

They  were  consistent  with  the  safety  of  man. 

The  peaks  were  lifted  high  and  steep. 

They  still  permitted  the  shepherd  to  feed  his  flocks  on  the  slopes. 

The  slopes  were  darkened  by  the  shadows. 

The  peaks  cast  the  shadows. 

8.  The  wise  man  looked  up  at  the  mountain. 

It  thrust  its  immense  rugged  brow  out  over  the  road. 
He  saw  the  figure  of  King  Darius  trampling  upon  his  fallen  foes. 
The  proud  list  of  his  wars  and  conquests  was  graven  high  upon  the 
face  of  the  eternal  cliff. 

What  the  greatness  of  the  Persians  once  was  I 
Future  generations  might  know  it. 

9.  The  enfolding  hills  unclosed  Hke  leaves. 
I  was  gazing  at  them  in  wonder. 

In  the  heart  of  them  I  saw  a  flower,  bright,  beautiful. 
My  eyes  filled  with  tears. 
I  looked. 

It  was  like  a  face  smiling  at  me  and  promising  something. 
10.  Lancelot  warded  without  distress. 

The  young  knight  was  blind  with  sweat. 

Then  Lancelot  smote  him  a  mighty  stroke  upon  the  head,  but  with 
the  flat  of  his  sword. 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  119 


He  fell  over  the  croup  of  his  horse. 
He  was  a  man  slain. 
He  was  only  stunned. 


EXERCISE  XLIX 


Model. — (1)  I  passed  through  the  hall  on  my  way  to  my 
chamber. 

The  dying  embers  of  the  yule  log  still  sent  forth  a  dusky 
glow. 

The  glow  half  lighted  the  deserted  place. 

It  was  too  cold  to  stir  abroad. 

I  should  have  been  tempted  to  steal  from  my  room  to 
peep. 

The  fairies  might  be  at  their  revels  about  the  hearth. 

(2)  As  I  passed  through  the  hall  on  my  way  to  my 
chamber,  the  dying  embers  of  the  yule  log  still  sent  forth  a 
dusky  glow  which  half  lighted  the  deserted  place,  and,  had 
it  not  been  too  cold  to  stir  abroad,  I  should  have  been  half- 
tempted  to  steal  a  peep  whether  the  fairies  might  not  be  at 
their  revels  about  the  hearth. 

Remark. — Here  six  simple  sentences  are  combined  into 
one  compound-complex  sentence  of  the  form  abb-abb. 

Practice. — ^Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
compound-complex  sentences  of  the  form  abb-abb. 

1.  There  is  nothing  opaque  about  a  bank  of  cloud. 
We  will  find  this  out. 

We  look  at  an  early  morning  fog. 

We  speak  of  it  as  gray  and  monotonous  in  color. 

It  is  often  full  of  delicate  pinks,  lilacs  and  pale-yellows. 

We  have  only  to  contrast  it  with  engine  steam  to  find  this. 

2.  Some  are  no  doubt  good  architects. 

They  are  advising  John  Bull  to  remodel  his  ancient  manor-house. 

They  might  be  of  service. 

They  get  to  work  with  their  mattocks  on  the  venerable  edifice. 


120  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

They  never  stop. 

They  bring  the  house  to  the  ground. 

3.  The  pinnacles  rose  from  their  roofs. 
The  verandas  ran  around  them. 

All  the  houses  were  different  in  the  number  and  shape  of  the  pin- 
nacles and  in  the  trimmings  of  the  verandas. 
They  put  their  best  foot  forward. 
They  made  a  brave  show. 
In  this  they  were  ahke. 

4.  The  burnt  hills  encircled  the  great  lake. 
On  the  burnt  hills  were  the  haunts. 
There  he  himted  the  bear. 

The  ice  went  out  in  the  spring. 

All  along  the  streams  the  great  trout  will  be  leaping  in  rapids 
and  pools. 

He  has  known  these  rapids  and  pools  from  boyhood. 

5.  In  later  days  multitudes  of  people  came  to  put  questions  to  the 
oracle  at  Delphi. 

A  spacious  temple  of  marble  W£is  erected  over  the  spot. 

That  spot  was  supposed  to  be  the  exact  middle  of  the  world. 

In  the  days  of  Cadmus  there  was  only  a  rustic  bower,  with  its 
abundance  of  green  foliage  and  a  tuft  of  shrubbery. 

The  tuft  of  shrubbery  ran  wild  over  the  mysterious  hole  in  the 
hillside. 

I  have  told  you. 

6.  Three  British  armies  were  sent  into  New  York  in  1777. 
An  advantage  would  give  them  possession  of  the  state. 
They  were  unable  to  gain  that  advantage. 

The  fall  had  set  in. 

Burgoyne  found  himself  falling  back  on  Saratoga. 
There  he  was  forced  to  surrender  the  remains  of  his  army, — six 
thousand  men. 

7.  The  whole  restless,  shifting  sea  flickered  green. 

From  horizon  to  shore  ran  one  uninterrupted  heaving — one  vast 
green  swarming  of  snaky  shapes. 

They  rolled  in  to  hiss  and  flatten  on  the  sand. 

No  single  speck  of  cloud  revealed  itself  through  all  the  violet 
heights. 

The  sea  had  been  upheaved  from  beneath. 

You  might  have  fancied  this. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  121 

8.  The  night  mists  first  rise  from  off  the  plains. 
Watch  their  white  and  lake-Hke  fields. 

They  float  in  level  bays  and  winding  gulfs  about  the  island  sum- 
mits of  the  lower  hills. 

The  first  sunbeam  is  sent  upon  the  silver  channels. 

The  foam  of  their  undulating  surface,  parting,  passes  away. 

Watch. 

9.  The  sun  smolders  among  the  torn,  snow-white  rags  of  vapor. 
On  a  rainy  evening  in  the  Alps  the  sim  bums  like  a  red-hot  ball  of 

fire  beside  you. 

You  stand  upon  the  mountain  side. 

It  plunges  through  the  rushing  wind  and  rolling  cloud  with  head- 
long fall. 

It  dyes  all  the  air  around  it  with  blood. 

It  means  to  rise  no  more. 
10.  The  rocks  are  smoothed  by  old  glaciers  into  long,  dark,  billowy 
swellings,  like  the  backs  of  plunging  dolphins. 

Along  the  ridges  of  the  rocks  the  peasant  watches  the  slow  color- 
ing of  the  tufts  of  moss  and  roots  of  herb. 

These,  little  by  little,  gather  a  feeble  soil  over  the  iron  substance. 

The  peasant  supports  the  narrow  strip  of  clinging  ground  with  a 
few  stones. 

He  subdues  it  to  the  spade. 

In  a  year  or  two  a  little  crest  of  com  is  seen  waving  on  this  rocky 
casque. 

EXERCISE  L 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
single  sentences  of  the  forms  indicated. 
*** 

1.  abbbcc. 

The  boy  entered  a  vast  cavern. 
He  beheld  a  mighty  beam  of  light. 
The  beam  sprang  from  the  ground. 

***In  Exercises  L  and  LI  the  form  of  the  sentence  to  be  constmcted 
will  be  indicated  as  heretofore  by  the  letters  a,  b,  c,  etc.  It  is  to  be 
noted  in  Exercise  LI  that  if  only  one  a  is  mentioned  there  will  be  only 
one  clause  and  the  sentence  will  be  simple. 


122  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

The  beam  shattered  itself  in  countless  sparks  against  the  roof. 

The  sparks  fell. 

They  flowed  all  together  into  a  great  pool  in  the  rock. 

2.  abc. 

The  moss  grew  over  the  stone  thicker  and  thicker. 

At  last  it  looked  almost  like  a  soft  green  seat. 

From  the  seat  only  a  few  gray  knobs  of  granite  peeped  out. 

3.  a-abb. 

On  the  third  day  the  young  prince  bade  a  respectful  farewell  to 
his  grandfather. 

After  affectionately  embracing  his  mother,  he  set  forth  with  a 
good  many  of  her  tears  and  some  others  glistening  on  his  cheeks. 

The  truth  must  be  told. 

The  other  tears  had  gushed  out  of  his  own  eyes. 

4.  a-a-a. 

The  mosses  will  not  be  gathered  for  chaplet  or  love  token. 

The  wild  bird  will  make  its  nest  of  them. 

The  wearied  child  will  make  his  pillow  of  them. 

5.  a-abb-a. 

Lichens,  sharing  the  stillness  of  the  unimpassioned  rock,  share  also 
its  endurance. 

The  winds  of  departing  spring  scatter  the  white  hawthorn  blos- 
soms Uke  drifted  snow. 

Summer  dims  on  the  parched  meadow  the  drooping  of  its  cow- 
slip gold. 

Far  above,  among  the  mountains,  the  silver  lichen-spots  rest, 
star-like,  on  the  stone. 

The  gathering  orange  stain  upon  the  edge  of  yonder  western  peak 
reflects  the  sunset  of  a  thousand  years. 

6.  ab. 

The  serried  pines  and  the  lighted  fields  and  the  golden  ricks  of  the 
farms  are  dyed  with  the  sun. 

One  might  paint  with  a  color. 

7.  a-ab-a-a. 

Lights  and  shadows  break  across  the  hills  and  valleys  of  the  ocean 
world. 

The  pupils  of  the  fishes'  eyes  contract  with  t^ose  lights. 

They  expand  with  those  shadows. 

How  dim  must  be  those  lights. 

How  densely  dark  must  be  those  shadows. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  123 

8.  ab-ab. 

The  dripping  radiance  was  cool. 

It  softly  trickled  down  the  walls  of  the  great  cavem. 

The  light  was  pale  blue. 

It  rippled  from  the  cavem  walls. 

9.  abcc. 

I  had  been  toiling  all  day  long  through  heavy  sand  and  grass. 
A  gate  opened  in  the  wall  of  the  mountains. 
The  plain  ran  in  through  the  gate,  making  a  Uttle  bay  of  level 
coimtry  among  the  hills. 

Suddenly,  toward  evening,  I  came  upon  this  place. 

10.  a-abcd. 

The  young  prince  looked. 

The  rock  had  been  placed  over  another  slab  of  stone,  containing 
a  cavity  within  it. 

The  prince  saw  this. 

The  rock  somewhat  resembled  a  roughly  made  chest  or  coffer. 

The  upper  mass  of  the  coffer  had  served  as  a  lid. 

11.  ab-abc-ab-ab. 

Procrustes  had  a  bed  in  his  cavem. 

With  great  show  of  hospitaUty  he  invited  his  guests  to  lie  down  oa 
this  bed. 

The  bed  was  short. 

They  happened  to  be  shorter. 

The  wicked  villain  stretched  them  out  by  main  force. 

They  were  too  tall. 

He  lopped  off  their  heads  or  feet. 

He  had  done  this. 

He  laughed  at  it  as  an  excellent  joke. 

12.  a-ab-a-ab. 

The  bay  of  level  country  was  not  brown  and  hard  and  dry  like  the 
mountains  above  me. 

It  was  not  covered  with  tawny  billows  of  sand  like  the  desert. 

I  had  wearily  coasted  along  the  edge  of  the  desert. 

The  surface  of  the  bay  was  smooth  and  green. 

The  winds  of  twilight  breathed  across  it. 

They  were  followed  by  soft  waves  of  verdure,  with  silver  turnings 
of  the  under-sides  of  many  leaves,  like  ripples  on  a  quiet  harbor. 

13.  ab-a-a-abc. 

Scinis  was  in  the  habit  of  flinging  men  off  a  high  cliff  into  the  sea. 


124  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

He  had  murdered  the  men. 

To  give  him  exactly  his  deserts  Theseus  tossed  him  off  the  very- 
same  place. 

The  sea  would  not  pollute  itself  by  receiving  the  murderer  into  its 
bosom. 

The  earth,  having  once  got  rid  of  him,  would  not  consent  to  take 
him  baok. 

Scinis  stuck  fast  in  the  air,  between  the  cliff  and  the  sea. 

The  air  was  forced  to  bear  the  burden  of  his  crimes. 

14.  ab-ab. 

The  fog  along  the  shore  is  seen  from  a  high  place. 
It  is  not  unHke  a  cloud  below  one  in  an  Alpine  valley. 
With  the  sunlight  beating  upon  it,  the  fleecy  spun-silver  effect  is 
beautiful. 

It  is  beautiful,  too,  on  the  cloud. 

15.  a-ab. 

The  small  islands  off  the  coast  of  Maine  are  remarkable  for  cloud 
effects. 

In  cold  weather  the  effect  is  truly  splendid. 

The  fog  turns  the  bare  trees  into  traceries  of  silver. 

16.  a-abbb. 

The  falling  leaves  and  crumbling  tree  trunks,  in  the  woods,  have 
been  molded  by  nature  into  a  deep,  brown  humus,  clean  and  fragrant. 

In  the  woods,  the  sunlight  filters  green  and  golden  through  inter- 
lacing branches. 

In  the  woods,  pure  moisture  of  distilling  rains  and  melting  snows 
is  held  in  treasury  by  never-failing  banks  of  moss,  under  the  verdurous 
flood  of  the  forest,  like  seaweeds  under  the  ocean  waves. 

In  the  woods,  three  magic  vines  put  forth  their  hands  with  joy. 

They  spread  over  rock  and  hillock  and  twisted  tree  root  and 
moldering  log,  in  cloaks  and  scarfs  and  wreaths  of  tiny  ever-green, 
glossy  leaves. 

17.  a-abc. 

The  friends  of  the  dreamer  looked  on  with  strange  and  alien  eyes. 
A  veil  of  doubt  and  mistrust  came  over  their  faces,  like  a  fog 
creeping  up  from  the  marshes  to  hide  the  hills. 

They  glanced  at  each  other  with  looks  of  wonder  and  pity. 
They  had  listened  to  incredible  sayings. 

18.  a-ab-a. 

Far  over  the  eastern  plain  a  white  mist  stretched  like  a  lake. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  125 

The  distant  mountain  peaks  serrated  the  western  horizon. 

The  sky  was  clear. 

Jupiter  and  Saturn  rolled  together  like  drops  of  lambent  flames 
about  to  blend  in  one. 

19.  abb. 

The  star  of  the  Magi,  tiny  and  infinitely  remote,  yet  perfect  in 
every  part,  pulsated  in  the  enormous  vault. 

Jewels  of  sapphire  and  ruby  and  pearl  had  mingled. 
They  had  been  transformed  into  a  living  heart  of  light. 

20.  abcccc. 

The  old  king's  aspect  was  stately  and  majestic. 

His  years  and  infirmities  weighed  heavily  upon  him. 

Each  year  was  a  lump  of  lead. 

All  were  bundled  together. 

All  were  laid  upon  his  shoulders. 

Each  infirmity  was  a  ponderous  stone. 

21.  abbc-ab-ab. 

The  sobs  and  groans  and  shrieks  were  caused  by  the  woe  of  the 
Athenians. 

The  city  was  filled  with  sobs  and  groans  and  shrieks. 

Fourteen  victims  were  to  be  chosen  by  lot  to  feed  the  Min- 
otaur. 

The  fatal  day  had  come. 

Their  sons  and  daughters  might  be  taken  from  the  old  people. 

They  feared  this. 

The  youths  and  damsels  might  be  destined  to  glut  the  maws  of  the 
detestable  bull  of  Minos. 

The  youths  and  damsels  themselves  dreaded  this. 

22.  a-ab-a-a.     (b  qualifies  second  and  third  a.) 
A  cloud  passes  across  the  face  of  the  sun. 
Its  edges  may  turn  to  molten  silver. 

Its  thicker  portions  glow  with  light. 
The  beam  does  not  get  through. 
The  falling  shaft  is  not  seen. 

23.  a-a-ab. 

The  flying  shadows  of  clouds  at  night  are  dark  purple  in  tone. 
They  are  sometimes  weird  in  shape. 
They  are  not  usually  noticed. 
The  night  is  very  bright. 

24.  a-ab-a.     (6  qualifies  second  and  third  a.) 


126  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

The  panic  of  the  steed  had  given  his  unskillful  rider  an  apparent 
advantage  in  the  chase. 

He  had  gotten  half  way  through  the  hollow. 

The  girths  of  the  saddle  gave  way. 

The  rider  felt  it  slipping  from  under  him. 

25.  abc-ab-a. 

The  clamor  and  the  clang  of  arms  passed  down  the  street. 
The  headlong  fury  of  the  chase  sweeps  by  the  secret  covert. 
The  trembling  deer  is  hidden  in  the  covert. 
The  recluse  reentered  his  cottage. 
He  turned  his  face  to  the  east. 
He  prayed. 

26.  a-abcdd. 

Stand  upon  the  peak  of  some  isolated  mountain  at  daybreak. 

You  shall  see  the  scattered  mists  rallying  in  the  ravines  and  float- 
ing up  towards  you  along  the  winding  valleys. 

They  couch  in  bright  masses,  iridescent  with  morning  light,  upon 
the  broad  breasts  of  the  higher  hills. 

Their  leagues  of  massy  undulation  will  melt  back  and  back  into 
that  robe  of  material  light. 

They  fade  away,  lost  in  its  luster. 

They  appear  again  above,  in  the  serene  heaven,  like  a  wild  im- 
possible dream,  foundationless  and  inaccessible,  their  bases  vanishing 
in  the  unsubstantial  and  mocking  blue  of  the  lake  below. 

27.  abbbc. 
Rain  is  near. 

Out  of  the  pale  blue  of  the  horizon,  you  will  see  forming  and  ad- 
vancing a  troop  of  narrow,  dark,  pointed  vapors. 

They  will  take  the  light  off  the  landscape  with  an  eclipse. 

They  will  cover  the  sky,  inch  by  inch,  with  their  gray  network. 

The  eclipse  will  stop  the  singing  of  the  birds  and  the  motion  of  the 
leaves  together. 

28.  a-abc-b. 

Our  wars  have  set  forth  the  military  genius  and  daring  prowess  of 
our  soldiers. 

We  examine  the  facts,  even  of  prejudiced  historians. 

Historians  have  written  about  them.  '  *" 

We  find  them  displaying  vigorous  minds,  fertility  in  expedients, 
contempt  of  suffering  and  hardship,  unconquerable  resolution. 

These  (qualities)  command  our  sympathy  and  applause. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  127 

29.  a-abc. 

The  vessel  went  bounding  onward  toward  the  island  of  Crete. 

The  master  of  the  vessel  could  hear  the  brazen  clangor  of  Talus' 
footsteps. 

He  trod  heavily  upon  the  sea-beaten  rocks. 

Some  of  the  rocks  were  seen  to  crack  and  crumble  beneath  the 
giant's  weight. 

30.  abbcdd. 

The  giant  Talus  might  destroy  how  many  innocent  people  I 
He  would  smash  the  vessels  of  the  Athenians  into  a  thousand 
pieces  without  heeding  this. 

He  would  fetch  his  great  club  down  slam  bang. 
There  seemed  nothing  else  to  be  expected. 
There  is  seldom  any  mercy  in  a  giant. 
There  is  quite  as  little  in  a  piece  of  clockwork. 

31.  abb. 

Joseph  had  power  in  the  palaces  of  Egypt. 

Solomon,  throned  between  the  lions  in  Jerusalem,  saw  the  most 
extravagant  magnificence  about  him. 

-  No  son  of  Abraham  will  ever  again  rival  the  power  of  Joseph  or  the 
magnificence  of  Solomon. 

32.  abb-ab. 

The  light  is  a  new  glory. 

The  world  is  waiting  for  it. 

It  shall  rise  out  of  patient  and  triumphant  suffering. 

The  kingdom  is  to  be  established  forever. 

The  kingdom  is  a  new  kingdom,  the  royalty  of  unconquerable  love. 

33.  a-a-ab. 

The  fine  of  shadow  and  sunshine  ran  near  the  tops  of  the  trees. 
The  house  of  the  herdsman  was  in  shadow. 
From  the  chimney-top  a  thin,  blue  column  of  smoke  arose. 
The  smoke  ascended,  slowly  expanding  into  the  evening  air. 

34.  a-abc-a-a. 

An  imknown  hand  put  a  piece  of  molaed  clay  into  an  oven. 
The  heats  of  summer  brooded  upon  the  bank  of  the  river, — ^the 
clay's  old  home. 

The  heats  of  smnmer  were  hot. 

Hotter  fire  ;  were  kindled  about  the  clay. 

Through  sui  the  day  the  clay  held  itself  together. 

It  endured  its  trials  in  the  confidence  of  a  great  future. 


128  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

35.  abb. 

Wait  till  the  hour  before  sunrise. 
The  east  becomes  purple  again. 

The  heaving  mountains,  rolling  against  it  in  darkness  like  waves 
of  a  wild  sea,  are  drowned  one  by  one  in  the  glory  of  its  burning. 

36.  abbe. 

A  silken  and  embroidered  muffler,  one  of  the  few  articles  of  more 
costly  attire,  was  devoted  to  the  purpose  of  wrapping  up  and  concealing 
the  sacred  volume. 

She  possessed  this  article  of  more  costly  attire. 

For  want  of  a  fitting  interpreter  much  must  remain  to  her  a  book 
closed  and  a  fountain  sealed. 

Lamenting  only  this  (last),  she  was  to  regard  the  volume  as  her 
chiefest  treasure. 

37.  ab-ab-ab. 

The  tower  was  situated  on  a  knoll. 
Beyond  the  knoll  the  hills  grew  more  steep. 
They  narrowed  on  a  brook. 
They  scarce  left  a  footpath. 
There  the  glen  terminated  in  a  wild  waterfall. 
At  the  waterfall  a  slender  thread  of  water  dashed  in  a  precipitous 
Ene  of  foam  over  two  or  three  precipices, 

38.  ab-abb. 

The  pride  of  ancestry  rankled  in  the  breasts  of  the  ancient  gentry 
of  the  Highlands. 

It  was  more  openly  expressed  by  their  ladies. 
It  was  embittered  not  a  little  by  the  political  feuds  of  the  time. 
The  Southi'on  chiefs  were  friends  to  the  authority  of  the  Queen 
They  were  very  jealous  of  the  power  of  Murray. 

39.  abcc. 

The  young  princess  led  the  young  prince  along  by  the  hand. 

They  came  to  a  dark  shadowy  grove. 

The  moonlight  wasted  itself  on  the  tops  of  the  trees. 

It  did  not  shed  so  much  as  a  glimmering  ray  upon  their  pathway. 

40.  abbbcc^ 

In  the  vast  and  complex  stream  of  being  each  of  us  counts  for  less 
than  a  drop.  ** 

Individual  existences  are  eliminated  in  the  pulsing  of  a  nation's 
life  with  never  a  pause  in  its  mighty  murmur. 

Individual  existence  is  replaced  in  the  same  way. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  129 

So  the  blood  loses  its  corpuscles  without  a  variance  in  the  volume 
and  vigor  of  its  current. 

So  too  the  blood  replaces  its  corpuscles. 

Few  of  us  have  been  made  to  comprehend  this, 

41.  a-abcd. 

Now  nearer,  now  farther  off,  resounded  the  cry  of  the  monster. 

The  sound  was  fierce,  cruel,  ugly, — Hke  a  bull's  roar,  and  withal 
BO  like  a  human  voice,  and  yet  like  neither  of  them. 

The  brave  heart  of  the  deliverer  grew  sterner  and  angrier  at 
every  step. 

Such  a  monster  had  the  audacity  to  exist. 

He  felt  it  an  insult  to  the  moon  and  sky  and  Mother  Earth. 

42.  abc. 

On  a  quiet  day,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  all  is  calm  save  the  low 
land  under  your  feet. 

You  almost  forget  the  land. 

It  seems  only  as  a  tiny  green  flake  afloat  in  the  liquid  eternity 
of  day. 

43.  ab-abbc. 

A  hurricane  destroyed  Last  Island, 

On  that  night  Donaldsonville,  one  hundred  and  ten  miles  away, 
trembled  at  the  towering  tide  of  the  Lafourche. 

Lakes  strove  to  burst  their  boundaries. 

Far  off  river  steamers  tugged  wildly  at  their  cables. 

They  shivered  like  tethered  creatures. 

Tethered  creatures  hear  by  night  the  approaching  howl  of  the 
destroyer. 

44.  ab-abbccd. 

During  the  revolutionary  war  the  states  had  agreed  upon  a  kind  of 
constitution. 

This  they  called  the  Articles  of  Confederation. 

They  v/ere  afraid  of  conferring  too  much  power  on  Congress. 

It  might  encroach  upon  the  state  governments. 

It  might  swallow  them  up. 

No  power  of  taxation  was  given  to  Congress. 

It  had  no  money. 

It  was  hard  for  it  to  preserve  either  dignity  or  authority, 

45.  abcc. 

The  young  Count  was  tranquilly  pursuing  his  route  in  a  sober  jog- 
trot way. 


130  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

Thus  a  man  travels  toward  matrimony. 

His  friends  have  taken  all  the  trouble  and  uncertainty  of  courtship 
off  his  hands. 

A  bride  is  waiting  for  him,  as  certainly  as  a  dinner  at  the  end  of  a 
journey. 

46.  abbbbcbb. 

Spacious  coves  indent  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Hudson. 

A  broad  expansion  of  the  river  was  denominated  by  the  ancient 
Dutch  navigators  the  Tappan  Zee. 

There  they  always  prudently  shortened  sail. 

There  they  implored  the  protection  of  St.  Nicholas. 

They  crossed  the  river. 

In  the  bosom  of  one  of  those  spacious  coves  and  at  that  expansion 
lies  a  small  market  town  or  rural  port. 

By  some  it  is  called  Greensburgh. 

It  is  more  generally  and  properly  known  by  the  name  of 
Tarrytown. 

47.  abcccdcdd. 
He  died. 

He  should  be  buried  in  a  green  spot. 

The  old  gentleman  made  it  his  particular  request 

He  could  see  the  spot  from  his  seat  in  church. 

He  was  a  boy. 

He  had  marked  out  the  spot  ever  since  then. 

He  was  far  from  home  on  the  raging  sea. 

He  had  thought  of  that  spot. 

His  father  and  mother  had  been  buried  there. 

48.  abcd-abcc. 

The  old  gentleman  had  been  roughly  used  in  different  countries, 
So  is  a  poor  sheep  handled. 
It  is  fleeced  by  every  hedge  and  thicket. 
Yet  he  spoke  of  every  nation  with  candor  and  kindness. 
He  had  been  an  unfortunate  adventurer  in  America. 
He  had  honesty  and  magnanimity  enough  to  take  the  fault  to  his 
own  door  and  not  to  curse  the  country. 

He  was  almost  the  only  man  of  this  kind. 
I  had  met  few. 

49.  a-ab-abb. 

Weak  lowland  trees  may  struggle  fondly  for  the  last  remnant? 
of  life. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  131 

They  are  cut  down. 

They  may  send  up  feeble  saplings  again  from  their  roots. 

The  lordly  mountain  trees  perish  boldly. 

Their  dying  is  perfect  and  solemn. 

They  give  up  their  lives  without  reluctance  and  forever. 
50.  abbcdd-ab.     (Last  b  is  the  quotation  used  as  a  clause  in  apposi- 
tion to  **  words".) 

You  follow  beneath  arching  boughs,  all  veiled  and  dim  with  blos- 
som, the  winding  mountain  paths. 

The  paths  for  ever  droop  and  rise  over  the  green  banks  and 
mounds. 

The  banks  and  mounds  sweep  down  in  scented  undulation  to  the 
blue  water. 

They  are  studded  here  and  there  with  new-mown  heaps  of  hay 
filling  all  the  air  with  fainter  sweetness. 

Look  up  towards  the  higher  hills. 

Here  the  waves  of  everlasting  green  roll  silently  into  their  long 
inlets  among  the  shadows  of  the  pines. 

We  may  perhaps  know  the  meaning  of  those  quiet  words  of  the 
147th  Psalm. 

"He  maketh  grass  to  grow  upon  the  mountains". 


EXERCISE  LI 

Practice. — Combine  the  following  groups  of  sentences  into 
single  sentences  of  the  form  indicated.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  the  sentences  given  are  more  numerous  than  the  clauses 
required  in  the  single  sentence  to  be  formed  from  them. 
This  merely  means  that,  to  reduce  the  sentences  given  to 
the  form  required,  some  of  the  given  sentences  will  have  to 
be  changed  to  phrases — substantive,  adjective,  or  adverbial. 
The  dependent  clause  may  have  to  qualify  immediately  some 
of  these  phrases. 

1.  ab. 

There  were  fields  of  com,  filled  with  silken  rustling. 
There  were  vineyards  with  long  rows  of  trimmed  maple  trees 
standing  each  one  like  an  emerald  goblet. 


iS2  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

The  emerald  goblet  was  wreathed  with  vines. 

The  earth  had  been  embroidered  with  threads  of  blue  and  scarlet 
and  gold. 

There  were  flower  gardens  as  bright  as  the  earth. 

There  were  oUve  orchards. 

The  olive  orchards  were  frosted  over  with  delicate  and  fragrant 
blossoms. 

2.  ab. 

The  fire  on  the  altar  rose  with  the  chant  of  the  worshipers. 

The  fire  throbbed. 

The  flame  responded  to  the  music. 

It  cast  a  bright  illumination  through  the  whole  temple. 

It  revealed  its  simplicity  and  splendor. 

3.  ab. 

The  Magian  watched  the  heavens. 

A  steel-blue  spark  was  born  out  of  the  darkness  beneath  the 
horizon. 

It  rounded  itself  with  purple  splendors  to  a  crimson  sphere. 

It  spired  upward  through  rays  of  saffron  and  orange  into  a  point  of 
white  radiance. 

4.  a-a. 

The  enchantress  heard  a  great  noise  of  hissing  snakes. 

Behold!  there  were  her  fiery  chariot  and  four  huge  winged  serpents. 

They  were  wriggling  in  the  air. 

They  were  flourishing  their  tails  high  in  air. 

They  were  all  ready  to  set  off  on  an  aerial  journey. 

5.  ab. 

The  clouds  are  round  and  large. 

Their  shadows  slip  along  majestically  from  crag  to  lake. 
Again  they  slip  from  lake  to  crag. 

They  glide  noiselessly  and  without  obstruction  up  and  down  and 
over  the  moors. 

They  are  Hke  dark  peering  spirits. 
The  spirits  seek  a  hiding  place. 
The  spirits  never  find  it. 

6.  a. 

The  forests  could  be  changed  into  infinite  orchards. 
Who    prevents    the   dark    forests,   ghostly  and    uninhabitable, 
from  this? 

The  orchards  would  wreathe  the  hills  with  frail  floretted  snow. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  133 

They  would  stretch  far  away  to  the  half-lighted  horizon  of  April. 
They  would  flush  the  face  of  all  the  autumnal  earth  with  glow  of 
clustered  fruit. 

7.  abc. 

How  is  that  snowy  arch  of  cloud  stayed  there? 

It  never  forms  but  over  the  supreme  crest  of  the  mountain. 

It  is  bent  like  a  bow  above  the  snowy  summit. 

Apparently  it  is  repelled  from  the  snow. 

It  nowhere  touches  the  snow. 

It  is  poised. 

So  a  white  bird  hovers  over  its  nest. 

8.  ab-a. 

How  is  the  barbed  strength  of  those  war-clouds  bridled? 
They  gather  on  the  horizon. 
They  are  dragon-crested. 
They  are  tongued  with  fire. 

What  bits  are  they  champing  with  their  vaporous  lips? 
They  fling  off  flames  of  black  foam. 
9.  ab-ab. 

Theseus  and  his  companions  approached  the  entrance  of  the  hiir- 
bor  of  Crete. 

The  brass  giant  Talus  straddled  across  the  entrance. 

A  foot  was  firmly  planted  on  each  headland. 

He  uplifted  his  club  to  a  great  height. 

Its  butt  end  was  hidden  in  a  cloud. 

He  stood  in  that  formidable  posture. 

The  sun  gleamed  all  over  his  metallic  surface. 

10.  a-a. 

At  morning,  after  a  night  of  fog  in  the  Alps,  you  will  hear  the 
sudden  rush  of  awakened  wind. 

You  will  see  the  watch-towers  of  vapor. 

They  are  swept  away  from  their  foundations. 

Waving  curtains  of  opaque  rain  are  let  down  into  the  valleys. 

The  curtains  swing  from  the  burdened  clouds  in  black,  bend- 
ing fringes. 

They  pace  in  pale  columns  along  the  lake  level. 

They  graze  its  surface  into  foam. 

11.  a-a. 

Along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  fairest  days,  a  southern  breeze 
may  bring  you  a  strange  odor. 


134  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

It  is  singular  enough  to  startle  you  from  your  dreams, — a  strong, 
sharp  smell  as  of  fish-oil. 

You  gaze  at  the  sea. 

You  may  be  still  more  startled  at  the  sudden  apparition  of  great 
oleaginous  patches. 

These  patches  spread  over  the  water. 

They  sheet  over  the  swells. 

12.  a-a-ab. 

The  waves  were  running  at  a  sharp  angle  to  the  shore. 
They  began  to  carry  fleeces. 

They  were  like  an  innumerable  flock  of  vague  green  shapes. 
They  are  driven  to  the  land  by  the  wind  to  be  despoiled  of  their 
ghostly  wool. 

The  eye  could  follow  the  line  of  beach  far. 

All  the  slope  was  white  with  the  great  shearing  of  the  waves. 

13.  abc. 

They  were  giving  so  many  young  people  to  be  eaten  up  by  the 
Minotaur. 

The  creature  would  have  preferred  a  fat  ox  or  even  a  large  pig  to 
the  plumpest  of  them. 

They  were  in  the  first  bloom  and  rose  blossom  of  their  lives. 

How  much  human  happiness  would  be  needlessly  thrown 
away? 

Ariadne,  the  king's  daughter,  wept  at  the  idea. 

14.  abcc. 

The  hero  still  went  on. 

Now  he  was  creeping  through  a  low  arch. 

Now  he  was  ascending  a  flight  of  steps. 

Now  he  was  in  one  crooked  passage. 

Now  he  was  in  another. 

Here  a  door  opened  before  him. 

There  a  door  banged  behind  him. 

The  walls  spun  round. 

They  whirled  him  along  with  them. 

It  really  seemed  so. 

15.  a-a. 

The  wind  has  waned.  ^   ^ 

The  wind  sinks  slowly  back  to  its  abysses. 
It  abandons  its  plunder. 
It  scatters  its  piteous  waifs  over  bar  and  dune* 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  135 

It  scatters  them  over  shoal  and  marsh. 
It  scatters  them  among  the  silences  of  the  mango  swamps. 
It  scatters  them  over  the  long,  low  reaches  of  sand  grasses  and 
drowned  weeds  for  more  than  a  hundred  miles. 

16.  a. 

A  combination  of  manly  and  delicate  accomplishments  fitted  the 
royal  poet,  James,  to  shine  in  active  and  elegant  Ufe. 

These  same  accomplishments  were  calculated  to  give  him  an  in- 
tense relish  for  joyous  existence. 

His  was  an  age  of  bustle  and  chivalry. 

To  pass  the  springtime  of  his  years  in  monotonous  captivity 
must  have  been  a  severe  trial. 

17.  abc.     (c  clause  dependent  on  a  phrase.) 

It  is  dehghtful  to  saunter  along  the  Umpid  streams. 
They  wander,  Uke  veins  of  silver,  through  the  bosom  of  this  beau- 
tiful coimtry. 

They  lead  one  through  a  diversity  of  home  scenery. 
They  sometimes  wind  through  ornamented  grounds. 
They  sometimes  brim  along  through  rich  pasturage. 
There  the  fresh  green  is  mingled  with  sweet-smelling  flowers. 
Sometimes  they  venture  in  sight  of  villages  and  hamlets. 
Then  they  run  capriciously  away  into  shady  retirements. 

18.  abc.     {be  dependent  on  one  object  of  "described". — Use  one  verb 
and  multiple  objects  separated  by  semicolons.) 

How  can  one  knowing  mosses  and  lichens  describe  the  rounded 
bosses  of  furred  and  beaming  green? 

How  can  one  describe  the  starred  divisions  of  rubied  bloom? 

Those  divisions  are  fine-filmed. 

The  Rock  Spirits  could  spin  porphyry. 

So  we  spin  glass. 

How  can  one  describe  the  traceries  of  intricate  silver  and  fringes 
cf  amber,  lustrous,  arborescent? 

The  fringes  and  traceries  are  burnished  through  every  fiber  into 
fitful  brightness  and  glossy  traverses  of  silken  change. 

Yet  they  are  all  subdued  and  pensive  and  framed  for  the  simplest, 
sweetest  offices  of  grace. 

19.  ab. 

Do  the  shoals  of  fish  flee  from  the  giant  swordfish  or  the  ravening 
sawfish  or  the  herds  of  porpoises  or  the  grande-ecaille? 
The  grande-ecaille  is  a  splendid  monster. 


136  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

No  net  can  hold  it. 

It  is  all  helmeted  and  armored  with  argent  plate-mail. 

20.  a-abb. 

The  mountain  shadows  lie  clear  and  cool  along  the  ascending 
slopes. 

The  valley  drowses  the  day  through. 

The  shadows  grow  longer. 

They  cross  the  valley  brook. 

They  creep  up  the  far  eastern  slopes. 

The  sun  sinks  down  beyond  the  mountain  peaks. 

21.  abbb. 

Usually  a  small  river  or  brook  winds  its  way  down  larger  valleys. 
It  cuts  out  the  soft  deposits  of  earth. 
It  forms  banks  or  cliffs  on  either  side. 
There  vines  clamber. 

There  stunted  pines  cling  in  the  fissures  of  the  rock. 
There  small  trickling  streams  drip  from  under  thick  carpetings 
of  moss. 

22.  a. 

A  valley  stream  is  usually  a  noisy,  swift-running  stream. 
It  dashes  its  way  seaward  over  shelves  of  stone  and  gravel. 
It  winds  in  and  out  of  deep  pools. 
It  swirls  around  sharp  bends  in  eddies  and  circles. 

23.  abbb. 

The  tributaries  of  valley  streams  are  the  little  cold  water  ri\Tilets. 
They  come  down  the  side  gulches. 
They  spring  over  ledges. 
They  bubble  into  basins. 

In  the  rivulets,  the  young  trout  splash  in  their  leaps. 
To  them  the  stealthy-footed  inhabitants  of  the  wood  come  to 
drink. 

24.  abbbb. 

In  October  a  strange  feeling  comes  over  me. 
I  am  looking  at  the  valley. 
The  autumn  leaf  is  rustUng. 
The  rain  begins  to  fall. 

The  bright  days  of  the  valley  are  numbered:  *^ 
It  will  soon  be  sleeping  under  ice  and  snow. 
Its  protecting  moimtains  will  look  dark  and  grim  through  the  long 
nights  of  winter. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  137 

25.  abcc. 

The  Montana  table-lands  are  full  of  abrupt  breaks. 

Here  and  there  are  sawed-off  mountains. 

These  mountains  are  succeeded  by  flat  basins. 

There  the  buffalo  once  grazed  in  countless  numbers. 

There  even  to-day  one  may  see  the  sheeny  coat  of  an  antelope. 

It  glistens  in  the  sun. 

26.  a. 

The  eastern  portion  of  Montana  borders  on  Dakota. 
It  shows  its  cliffs,  buttes  and  gravel  beds. 
It  is  a  land  once  shaken  by  volcanic  convulsion. 
It  was  water-swept  by  flood  and  glacier. 

27.  abbe. 

I  have  seen  ordinary  marsh  flags. 

A  low  summer  sun  was  behind  them. 

Cathedral  glass  is  transparent. 

Every  blade  looked  transparent. 

Every  leaf-edge  was  showing  the  colors  of  the  rainbow. 

28.  ab. 

It  was  under  the  morning  sun. 
The  wind  was  blowing  over  the  marsh  flags. 
I  have  seen  them  glittering. 

Bayonets  of  a  regiment  on  parade  throw  light  from  their  polished 
surfaces. 

The  flags  threw  light  thus. 

29.  a. 

It  was  in  midwinter. 

I  have  seen  these  same  commonplace  flags. 
They  stood  yellow  as  gold  above  the  snows. 
Every  stem  cast  a  bright  blue  shadow. 
The  scene  was  one  of  marsh,  sky,  and  snow. 
The  whole  showed  a  perfect  harmony  of  color,  in  yellow,  blue, 
and  white. 

30.  abbbbbbbcdb. 

These  ocean  marshes  are  seen  in  the  summer. 

Then  they  are  luxuriant  in  their  greens. 

The  flag  is  in  blossom. 

The  young  cat-tails  nod  in  the  breeze. 

They  are  seen  in  the  fall. 

Then  nature  is  dying. 


138  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

The  weeds  are  day  by  day  shifting  the  rough  green  to  gold. 

The  trees  are  gorgeous  with  autumn  tints. 

The  orange  stain  of  the  short  grass  is  gathering. 

It  is  growing. 

It  is  weaving  itself  into  a  brilliant  carpet. 

The  snow  falls. 

The  colors  of  the  carpet  do  not  fade  till  then. 

The  marshes  are  a  pestilent  congregation  of  vapors. 

Fancy  pictures  them  thus. 

They  are  (under  all  these  conditions)  far  from  it. 

31.  a-a. 

The  lakes  look  like  the  shore  regions  near  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Flags  surround  them. 
They  are  in  the  low,  flat  places. 
They  are  on  either  side  of  the  river. 

More  often  the  river  bottom  is  a  vast  jungle  of  trees,  vines  and 
dense  undergrowth. 

It  is  not  unUke  the  Dismal  Swamp  of  Virginia. 

32.  a. 

The  shore  of  Great  Island  is  a  wilderness  of  wind-swept  grasses 
and  sinewy  weeds. 

They  wave  away  from  their  beach. 

The  beach  is  ever  speckled  with  a  drift  of  worm-riddled  timbers 
and  dead  porpoises. 

33.  a. 

In  the  forest  of  oak  and  chestnut  the  sunlight  breaks  through  in 
splashes. 

There  the  creeper  grows. 

There  the  cardinal  flower  gleams. 

The  long  aisles  and  open  spaces  in  the  forests  of  oak  and  chestnut 
contrast  strangely  with  the  dark  depths  of  the  pinery. 

The  closed-up  ranks  of  the  trees  shut  out  the  light  of  the  sun. 

The  long  moss  hangs  in  festoons  from  the  branches. 

Only  stray  patches  of  the  lowly  pink  peer  through  the  carpet  of 
pine  needles. 

34.  a-abb. 

The  open  woods  are  the  most  enjoyable,  the  most  lovable  spots. 
How  sublime  in  their  power  and  volume  are  the  great  interlaced 
forests! 

The  light  filters  through  only  in  arrowy  shafts. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  139 

The  bear  and  the  wolf  sHnk  Uke  specters. 
The  deer  breaks  suddenly  from  his  bed. 

35.  a. 

The  spruce  is  a  straight-trunked  tree. 

It  throws  out  branches. 

The  branches  ride  upward  like  crescents. 

They  bear  needles. 

The  needles  hang  downward  like  fringes. 

36.  ab-ab. 

The  leafy  trees  in  groves  or  forests  have  a  sound. 

It  is  like  the  sound  of  a  distant  waterfall  or  fast-driven  rain. 

Anyone  stands  on  a  mountain  top. 

He  hears  a  storm  coming  down  the  valley. 

Wherein  does  the  roar  of  a  storm  consist? 

He  knows  this. 

37.  a-a. 

The  night  winds  are  gentle  breezes. 
They  stir  the  leaves. 
They  set  the  whole  wood  whispering. 
They  are  great  creators  of  sentiment. 
Possibly  this  is  because  of  their  gentleness. 

38.  ab-a-a. 

The  iron-like  trunks  show  a  variety  of  darks. 

To  the  casual  observer  they  are  all  of  one  tone. 

The  twigs  bunch  together  along  the  tops  of  the  trees. 

They  seem  like  a  bordering  fringe. 

The  cedar  keeps  its  leaves  in  spite  of  any  storm. 

The  dull-green  of  the  cedar  is  merely  a  color-spot  in  the  line. 

39.  a-a-a. 

After  the  first  few  warm  days  of  spring,  the  buds  on  the  trees 
swell. 

They  open  just  a  little. 

A  fuzziness  muffles  the  sharp  outlines  of  the  branches. 

The  next  color-note  is  a  mist  of  pale  yellow. 

The  pale  yellow  is  mingled  with  the  pinks,  grays  and  whites  of  the 
buds,  and  the  reds  and  yellows  of  the  stems. 

40.  a-ab. 

A  fortnight  or  more  and  the  gorgeous  leaves  of  the  hills  shall  have 
been  torn  by  the  storms. 

They  will  be  flying  with  the  winds. 


140  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

They  will  be  heaping  in  fence-corners  and  about  bushes  for  the 
long,  long  sleep  of  decay. 

The  flame-Hke  mantle  of  autumn  leaves  lasts. 
How  supremely  glorious  its  coloring! 

41.  abb. 

It  is  in  the  coal  regions  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  timber  has  been  destroyed. 

Many  of  the  valleys  have  been  turned  into  mere  sluices  and  drain- 
ways  for  the  black  waters  of  the  coal  mines. 

The  laurel  and  the  rhododendron  grow  in  great  profusion. 
They  cover  valley,  hill  and  mountain  for  miles  at  a  stretch. 

42.  ab, 

A  clump  of  hazel  may  be  a  wonder-world  of  beauty. 
We  study  it  in  its  form  and  color,  its  setting,  light  and  relation  to 
the  whole  meadow. 

The  daisies  grow  around  it. 

The  blackberry  twines  its  white  blossoms  through  it. 

43.  ab-ab. 

Nature  would  spare  effort  in  finishing  the  forms  with  nicety. 

In  these  varied  forms  of  mosses  this  might  be  thought  so. 

The  mosses  are  tucked  away  under  rock  bases. 

They  are  bunched  about  the  roots  of  the  great  pines. 

They  are  hidden  under  thick  brush. 

Every  hair -root,  every  stem,  is  wrought  with  skill  and 
beauty. 

The  skill  and  beauty  of  its  working  would  fit  the  moss  to  cover  a 
royal  throne. 

44.  ab. 

The  Mississippi  passed  over  a  sandstone  crust. 
It  cut  through  the  crust. 

It  has  sunk  its  bed  five  hundred  feet  or  more  below  the  surface  of 
the  prairies. 

The  banks  of  the  upper  river  are  now  fringed  by  high  bluffs. 

45.  a-a-ab-a. 

The  hills  near  at  hand  are  bright  green. 
They  recede  from  us. 

They  grow  bluer.  ~  '  -  — 

The  valley  shadows  grow  paler. 

Oftentimes  in  clear  weather  one  can  see  far  away  the  faint  gray 
silhouette  of  the  high  mountain  ridge. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  141 

The  mountain  ridge  is  beyond  the  timber-crowned  slopes  of  the 
foothills. 

It  is  almost  lost  in  the  blue  of  the  sky. 

46.  a-ab. 

A  great  expanse  of  country  looks  like  a  map. 

It  is  seen  in  the  vista  from  a  mountain  height  or  a  river  bluff. 

Life  upon  such  heights  is  dreary. 

I  cannot  imagine  a  drearier  life. 

One  strains  his  eyes  and  imagination  over  the  lines  of  a  valley. 

There  farms,  towns,  lakes,  woodlands  are  dotted. 

47.  abbcc. 

The  view  of  mountains  from  the  plain  expands  peak  on  peak. 

The  topmost  pine  is  reached. 

One  stands  on  the  top. 

He  looks  over  the  snow  fields. 

He  looks  down  gorges  and  glaciers  into  the  valley. 

The  view  from  the  mountain-top  is  complete. 

The  view  from  the  plain  is  more  complete. 

48.  ab. 

The  mountains  and  ridges  are  but  a  few  thousand  feet  high. 

They  have  no  snow  belts. 

They  are  not  so  impressive  in  their  sense  of  loftiness. 

The  Alps  and  Andes  are  beautiful  to  the  eye. 

These  mountains  are,  perhaps,  more  so. 

49.  a. 

Everywhere  among  the  lower  hills  the  eye  meets  the  sweeping 
lines  of  ridge  and  promontory  or  the  billowy  roll  of  descending  lines. 
The  lines  of  ridge  and  promontory  trail  along  the  sky. 
The  descending  lines  flow  down  by  terraces  into  the  valleys. 

50.  a. 

Have  you  seen  the  mountains  at  sunrise? 
They  lie  off  in  the  west. 
The  light  is  on  them  instead  of  behind  them. 
Each  barren  crag  is  a  gleaming  star. 
The  pine  forest  on  the  ridge  is  pale  and  blue. 
The  network  of  interblended  lines  is  woven  faint  and  fleecy  against 
the  dark  ground  of  the  half-awakened  sky. 


PART   IV 

SYNOPSES  OF  SELECTIONS 

1.— BAUCIS  AND  PHILEMON 

a  Jupiter  and  Mercury  found  no  hospitality  in  all  Phrygia  save  in  the 
humble  cot  of  Baucis  and  Philemon. 
1)  inhospitable;  2)  to  rouse;  3)  humble  mansion;  4)  to  thatch. 

b  The  two  old  people  entertained  their  guests  with  simple  fare. 

1)  threshold;  2)  to  bustle;  3)  to  rake;  4)  to  feed  afire;  5)  pot-herb; 
6)  to  shred. 

C  Recognizing  their  heavenly  guests,  they  were  prevented  by  the  latter 
from  sacrificing  all  they  had  in  their  honor,  and  were  bidden  to 
accompany  the  gods. 
1)  repast;   2)  to  replenish;   3)  to  clasp;    4)  guardian;   5)  to  pay  the 
penalty. 

d  From  the  top  of  the  hill  they  saw  the  surrounding  country  changed 
into  a  lake  and  their  cottage  into  a  temple,  and  were  asked  by  the 
two  gods  to  speak  their  desires. 
1)  staff;    2)  to   labor;    3)  stone's  throw;    4")  thatch;    5)  to  gild; 
6)  carving. 

e  After  consulting  with  his  wife,  Philemon  asked  that  they  should  be 
guardians  of  the  temple  and  die  together. 
1)  to  take  counsel;   2)  guardian. 

f  Their  wish  was  granted,  and  they  were  at  last  changed  into  trees, 
which  the  shepherds  still  show. 
1)  keeper;  2)  edifice;  3)  to  put  forth;  4)  leafy  crown;  5)  bark. 

^.— MIDAS 

.0,  When  Bacchus  asked  Midas  what  reward  he  desired  for  the  care  of 
Silenus,  Midas  asked,  and  obtained,  the  golden  touch. 
1)  foster-father;  2)  Silenus;  3)  peasant;  4)  jollity;  5)  hospitality. 

143 


144  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

b  Midas  put  his  gift  to  the  test,  and  was  not  altogether  rejoiced. 
1)  to  put  to  the  test;  2)  to  pluck;  3)  sod;  4)  Hesperides;  5)  to  defy. 

c  At  his  prayer,  Bacchus  told  him  he  would  find  relief  in  the  river 
Pactolus. 
1)  to  divest;  2)  glittering  destruction;  3)  fountain-head. 

d  The  river  reheved  him. 
1)  scarce;  2)  sands. 

3.— PROSERPINE 

a  Pluto,  falling  in  love  with  Proserpine,  carried  her  down  into  Tar- 
tarus. 
1)  Enna;   2)  to  embower;   3)  to  screen;   4)  iron-colored;    5)  Cyane; 
6)  trident. 

b  After  long  and  continuous  search,  Ceres,  finding  the  girdle  of  Proser- 
pine, laid  the  blame  for  her  disappearance  on  the  earth. 
1)  Aurora;  2)  Hesperus;  3)  to  lead  out;  4)  girdle;  5)  to  waft;   6)  to 
endow;  7)  herbage. 

c  Arethusa,  seeing  the  distress  Ceres  sent  on  earth,  proclaimed  the  inno- 
cence of  the  land. 
1)  cattle;   2)  furrow;   3)  thistle;   4)  bramble. 

d  The  fountain  told  where  Proserpine  was. 
1)  underground;  2)  region;  3)  bride. 

e.  As  Proserpine  had  taken  food  in  Tartarus,  all  that  Ceres  could  obtain 
from  Jove  was  that  she  should  five  half  the  year  with  Pluto  and 
half  with  her  mother. 
1)  chariot;   2)  bereavement;   3)  Mercury;   4)  wily;   5)  pomegranate; 
6)  pulp;  7)  compromise. 

4.— THE  DRAGON'S  TEETH 

a  Cadmus,  searching  for  his  sister  in  Panope,  lost  his  servants  by  the 
dragon. 
1)  Jupiter;     2)  to    profane;     3)  arch;     4)  crested;     5)  to    glitter; 
6)  venom;  7)  to  vibrate;  8)  libation.  .^ 

b  Cadmus,  seeing  the  dead  bodies,  swore  aloud  to  avenge  them. 
1)  in  search;  2)  bloody. 


FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH  145 

c  After  wounding  it  with  a  stone  and  his  javelin,  he  succeeded  in  fixing 
the  dragon  to  a  tree  wiCh  his  spear. 
1)  fortress;    2)  javelin;    3)  to  meet  with  success;    4)  scales;    5)  to 
rankle;   6)  to  swell;   7)  bloody  foam;  8)  trunk. 

d  As  soon  as  Cadmus  had  sown  the  dragon's  teeth,  he  was  frightened 
by  the  sight  of  the  armed  men,  who  warned  him  not  to  meddle 
with  them. 
1)  to  sow;   2)  clod;   3)  nodding  plume;  4)  harvest  of  warriors;   5)  to 
meddle. 

e  They  fought  till  only  five  remained,  and  these,  concluding  to  live  in 
peace,  helped  Cadmus  build  Thebes. 
1)  to  smite;   2)  to  pierce;   3)  mutual. 


5.— THE  STORY  OF  THE  SPIDER 

a  Arachne  was  so  skillful  in  weaving  and  embroidering  that  she  boasted 
herself  superior  even  to  Minerva. 
1)  nymph;  2)  to  card;  3)  cloud;  4)  to  twirl;  5)  spindle;  6)  pupil. 

b  (C)  Minerva  in  the  form  oi  an  old  woman  advised  Arachne  to  ask 
pardon  of  the  goddess. 
1)  assume;   2)  counsel;   3)  challenge. 

c  (C)  Arachne  bade  Minerva  come,  and  the  goddess  discovered  herself. 
1)  hand  in  hand;    2)  to  stand  to  anything;    3)  to  stand  confessed. 

d  Minerva  and  Arachne  entered  the  contest,  each  weaving  scenes  cal- 
culated to  humble  the  other. 
1)  to  stand  one's  ground;   2)  conceit;   3)  to  rush  on  fate;  4)  shuttle; 
5)  reed;   6)  to  compact;   7)  presumptuous. 

e  After  rending  the  web  of  Arachne,  Minerva  shamed  her  into  hanging 
herself,  and  made  that  her  fate  forever. 
1)  to  forbear;   2)  to  rend;   3)  to  endure;  4)  guilty. 

f  She  turned  her  into  a  spider. 
1)  juice;   2)  aconite;  3)  to  cleave;   4)  to  spin. 


146  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


6.— AN  ANCIENT  FLYING  MACHINE 

a  Daedalus,  after  many  services  to  King  Minos,  being  confined  on  an 
island,  whence  there  was  no  escape  by  land  or  water,  determined  to 
try  the  air. 
1)  IsLbyrinth;  2)  to  lose  favor;  3)  to  control. 

b  He  constructed  wings,  and  his  son  Icarus  assisted  him. 
1)  to  fabricate;   2)  to  secure;   3)  curvature. 

c  Daedalus  tried  his  wings,  and  taught  Icarus,  instructing  the  latter 
what  to  avoid. 
1)  to  wave;   2)  to  buoy  upward;   3)  to  poise;   4)  to  tempt;   5)  nest; 
6)  to  clog. 

d  To  the  amazement  of  all  beholders,  they  flew  away,  Daed^u^  in  the 
lead  and  encouraging  Icarus.  ^ 

1)  to  fit;   2)  wet;   3)  flight;   4)  plowman;    5)  shepherd;    6)  to  cleave. 

e  After  commencing  the  journey  well,  Icarus  melted  the  wax  on  his 
wdngs,  and  sank  into  the  waves  deaf  to  the  cries  of  his  father. 
1)  Samos;    2)  Delos;    3)  Lebynthos;    4)  to  soar;    5)  to  soften;    6)  to 
flutter;  7)  wildly. 

f  Daedalus  buried  the  body  of  Icarus  in  Icaria,  and  himself  arrived  safe 
in  Sicily. 
1)  to  float;  2)  to  lament;  3)  Apollo. 

7.— ERISICHTHON 

a  Erisichthon,  despiser  of  the  gods,  to  the  horror  of  all  the  bystanders 
began  to  chop  down  a  tree  in  the  grove  of  Ceres,  when  the  nymph 
of  the  tree  warned  him  of  approaching  vengeance. 
1)  to  violate;    2)  votive  garland;    3)  Dryad;    4)  cubit;    5)  groan; 
6)  blood;  7)  to  ttu:n  anything  on  a  person. 

b  Still  the  tree  was  brought  down. 

1)  to  sunder;  2)  crash;  3)  to  prostrate. 

c  At  the  prayer  of  the  Dryads,  Ceres  sent  an  Oread  to  summon  Famine 
to  punish  Erisichthon. 
1)  clad;   2)  mourning;   3)  to  nod  assent;   4)  ice-clad  Scythia;    5)  l? 
prey  on. 


FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH  147 

d  The  Oread  found  Famine,  land  delivered  the  message  of  Ceres. 
1)  dragon;  2)  stony;  3)  claw;  4)  scanty;  5)  to  blanch;  6)  tight. 

e  Erisichthon,  touched  by  Famine,  sold  all,  even  his  daughter,  for  food, 
and  died,  devouring  himself. 
1)  guilty;  2)  poison;  3)  to  crave;  4)  unabated;  5)  to  sate;  6)  base. 

8.— THE  POWER  OF  MUSIC 

a  Orpheus  charmed  with  his  lyre  not  only  men,  but  even  beasts  and 
trees  and  rocks. 
1)  to  withstand;    2)  to  lay  by;    3)  to  entrance;    4)  to  crowd;    5)  to 
relax. 

b  Orpheus  won  the  liberation  of  Eurydice  from  Tartarus,  but  lost  her 
again  by  looking  back. 
1)  to    tread;     2)  Stygian;     3)  to   charm;     4)  Pluto;     5)  Proserpine; 
6)  to  Ump;   7)  outlet. 

c  Singing  his  grief  to  nature,  he  incensed  the  Thracians  by  dwelling 

aloof,  and  they,  shouting  to  drown  the  charm  of  his  music,  slew 

him,  but  the  Muses  and  Jupiter  honored  him. 

1)  Styx;   2)  Hades;   3)  Erebus;   4)  to  melt;   5)  aloof;   6)  Umb  from 

limb;  7)  Hebrus;  8)  to  murmur;  9)  to  give  back;  10)  plaintive; 

ll)Libethra;  12)  Tartarus. 

9.— COSTLY  GIFTS 

a  Badi-al-Zaman,  reading  the  messages  under  the  bird^s  wings,  bought 
it  willingly,  and  sent  it  to  the  fowler's  wife  to  be  cooked. 
1)  Bagdad;  2)  fowler;  3)  piece. 

b  The  explanations  of  the  fowler's  wife  did  not  moUify  Badi  when  he 
found  the  desired  parts  missing. 
1)  cottage;  2)  to  steam;    3)  to  discover;   4)  to  tease;    5)  to  mollify; 
6)  to  vow. 

c  The  fowler  and  his  wife,  for  good  reasons,  dismissed  their  children, 
and  hid  themselves. 
1)  wrath;  2)  harm's  way;  3)  fortune. 

d  The  younger  son  spent  so  freely  of  his  wealth  that  he  was  soon  killed. 
1)  yellow;  2)  reckless;  3)  hoard. 


148  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  The  elder  brother  was  by  a  strange  accident  chosen  emir  of  a  distant 
city. 
1)  adventure;  2)  to  prolong;  3)  to  stare;  4)  at  his  heels. 

f  The  city  revolted,  and  killed  the  emir. 
1)  knack;  2)  revolt. 

g  Thus  were  the  gifts  of  the  yellow  bird  paid  for. 
1)  prime. 

10.— THE  FATE  OF  CUNNING 

a  Blacky  rolled  down  the  hill  in  his  kettle,  and  escaped  into  his  house, 
just  as  the  fox  appeared  on  the  top  of  the  hill. 
1)  marketing;  2)  to  sling;  3)  to  nestle;  4)  to  coil;    5)  snug;  6)  fore- 
leg; 7)  full  tilt;  8)  great  pace;  9)  to  bar;  10)  to  bolt;  11)  shutter. 

b  The  fox,  confident  of  success,  came  down  the  hill  to  examine  the 
house. 
1)  to  escape;  2)  stealthily;  3)  to  prowl;  4)  to  climb. 

c  Blacky  set  the  kettle  to  boil,  and  the  fox  dropped  into  it. 

1)  to  sing;   2)  steam;   3)  to  muffle;  4)  patter;   5)  paw;   6)  chimney; 
7)  yelp;  8)  to  pop. 

11.— AS  DEAR  AS  SALT 

a  The  king  was  told  by  his  two  daughters  how  much  they  loved  him. 
1)  apple;  2)  salt. 

b  Being  sent  from  the  court,  the  princess  put  on  beggar's  rags,  and  was 
sent  by  a  farmer's  wife  to  watch  geese. 
1)  to  quit;  2)  housewife;  3)  soft. 

c  A  prince,  seeing  her  in  her  robes  of  state,  wooed  and  won  her,  subject 
to  her  father's  consent. 
1)  splendor;  2)  impetuously;  3)  suit;  4)  suitor. 

d  The  repentant  father  came  with  his  elder  daughter  to  the  ceremony. 

1)  to  repent;  2)  harshness;  3)  to  ask  in  marriage, 
e  The  daughter  called  her  father's  attention  to  the  value  of  salt  when 
she  saw  his  expression,  and  heard  his  complaint. 

1)  seasoning;  2)  to  make  faces;  3)  tasteless;  4>  slightingly. 

f  The  king  acknowledged  his  mistake,  and  was  given  seasoned  dishes. 
1)  to  embrace;   2)  to  misinterpret. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  149 


12.— JORINDE  AND  JORINGEL 

a  An  old  witch,  who  had  the  habit  of  doing  such  things,  changed 
Jorinde  into  a  nightingale,  while  she  was  walking  with  Joringel. 
1)  betrothed;    2)  malignant;    3)  cage;    4)  to  be  beside   one's  self: 
5)  crone;  6)  to  keep  rooted;  7)  to  cast  a  spell. 

b  Living  miserably  in  a  strange  village,  he  dreamt  of  a  strange  flower. 
1)  to  drag  along;  2)  blood-red  flower;  3)  pearl;  4)  enchantment. 

c  He  fomid  the  flower,  and  gained  entrance  to  the  castle. 
1)  mountain;   2)  dew-drop;   3)  pace;   4'i  courtyard. 

d  He  released  Jorinde  and  the  other  imprisoned  maidens. 
1)  enchantress;  2)  wicker;  3)  gall. 

13.— SPINDLE,  SHUTTLE  AND  NEEDLE 

a  The  king's  son  rode,  looking  for  a  bride. 
1)  tour. 

b  He  asked  for  the  richest  and  the  poorest. 
1)  village;  2)  cottage. 

c  The  rich  giri  tried  her  charms  on  him. 
1)  to  dress  in  one's  best;  2)  courtesy. 

d  The  prince  peeped  in  at  the  poor  girl  at  work. 
1)  to  rein  in;  2)  to  spin. 

e  The  girl  took  a  fancy  to  him. 
1)  to  blush;  2)  lattice;  3)  plume. 

f  She  sang  to  her  spindle. 
1)  spindle. 

g  She  watched  the  spindle  dancing  through  the  fields. 
1)  merrily;  2)  golden;  3)  to  be  lost  to  sight. 

h  The  girl  wove,  and  the  spindle  reached  the  king's  son. 
1)  shuttle;  2)  loom. 

i  The  prince  followed  back  the  golden  thread. 

j  At  the  song  of  the  girl,  the  shuttle  wove  a  beautiful  carpet. 
1)  threshold;  2)  thicket;  3)  to  bloom;  4)  topmost;  5)  plumage. 


150  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

k  At  the  song  of  the  girl,  the  needle  decorated  the  room. 
1)  lightning;   2)  velvet;   3)  curtain;   4)  stitch. 

1  The  prince  entered,  saluted  the  girl,  and  led  her  away  his  bride. 
1)  to  dismount;  2)  palace. 


14.— THE  DRAGON  OF  THE  NORTH 

a  Many  had  tried,  but  in  vain,  to  slay  the  terrible,  devastating  dragon 
of  the  North. 
1)  monster;  2)  tract;  3)  fathom;  4)  scale;   5)  to  bewitch. 

b  The  great  virtue  of  Solomon's  ring,  which  was  essential  for  the  de- 
struction of  the  dragon,  was  that  it  could  hide  and  strengthen  its 
wearer. 
1)  signet;    2)  rare;    3)  invisible;    4)  incredible. 

c  The  young  man  made  his  preparations. 
1)  magician;   2)  iron;   3)  to  wield;   4)  stake. 

d  The  jaws  of  the  monster  were  transfixed  by  the  mighty  spear,  and  his 
head  crushed  by  a  great  stone. 
1)  frontier;    2)  to  push;    3)  to  swallow;    4)  to  run  cold;    5)  clap; 
6)  peg;    7)  writhing;    8)  earthquake;    9)  lifeless. 

e  The  youth  was  rewarded  richly. 
1)  to  ennoble;  2)  to  wed. 


15.— THE  SEVEN-HEADED  SERPENT 

a  A  Grecian  kingdom  had  to  pay  a  yearly  tribute  of  youths  and 
maidens  to  the  seven-headed  serpent,  when  one  day  the  king  was 
addressed  by  his  horse. 
1)  tribute;  2)  to  devour. 

b  (C)  "  I  will  show  you  a  way  out  of  this  destructive  tribute." 
1)  to  mount;  2)  enchantress.  _ 

c  The  old  woman  of  the  mountain,  at  his  prayer,  taught  the  youth  hov 
to  destroy  the  serpent. 
1)  hollow;  2)  cavern;  3)  to  spin;  4)  to  entreat;  5)  to  instruct. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  151 

d  When  the  youth  had  gotten  into  the  palace  of  the  serpent,  which  was 
asleep,  and  had  stuffed  all  the  telltale  bells,  he  cut  off  the  heads 
of  the  monster  one  by  one. 
1)  cotton;  2)  to  hang  round;  3)  flash;  4)  to  grin, 

e  The  young  king  returned  home. 
1)  mission;  2)  to  greet. 

16.— GRATITUDE 

a  Ferko,  a  kind-hearted  youth,  once  repaired  the  wing  of  a  bee. 
1)  sterling;   2)  to  trail;   3)  to  tear;   4)  ingenious;   5)  profusely. 

b  Happening  into  a  kingdom  where  he  had  enemies,  his  death  was  put 
off  only  on  very  hard  conditions. 
1)  to  happen;  2)   responsible;  3)  score;  4)  emissary;  5)  to  protest; 
6)  palace. 

c  As  Ferko  wandered  downcast  about  the  meadows,  the  bee,  whose 
wing  he  had  repaired,  asked  him  how  she  could  help  him. 
1)  heart-broken;  2)  disconsolately;  3)  to  settle;  4)  benefactor. 

d  The  bee  gave  him  assurance  of  help,  and  on  the  third  day  told  him  the 
palace  was  finished. 
1)  cheerily;  2)  cheer. 

e  Ferko  led  the  king  and  his  court  out  to  see  a  palace  built  entirely  of 
flowers. 
1)  to  rear;  2)  exquisite;   3)  mortal;   4)  to  tile;   5)  mosaic;   6)  auric- 
ula;   7)  to  inlay;  8)  knocker;  9)  vaulted;   10)  perfume;  11)  to 
enchant. 

1  Ferko  refused  the  king^s  proffers  of  preferment,  and  left  the  kingdom 
gladly,  resolved  on  one  thing — ever  to  be  kind. 
1)  amazement;  2)  to  dream. 

17.— A  LITTLE  KINDNESS 

a  The  giant,  whose  groans  he  had  heard,  assured  the  boy  he  would  do 
him  no  harm. 
1)  herd-boy;  2)  dismay;  3)  handsomely. 

b  The  boy  took  courage  to  bind  up  the  giant's  foot  and  to  follow  him. 
1)  shirt;  2)  to  limp. 


152  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

c  After  a  great  fea«t  in  his  underground  hall,  the  giant  gave  the  boy  a 
loaf  to  eat  when  he  felt  hungry. 
1)  golden;    2)  viand;    3)  profusion;    4)  to  fall  to;    5)  lustily;    6)  to 
stow  away;   7)  tunic. 

d  The  boy  grew  rich  so  fast  that  many  came  to  him  to  get  the  prescrip- 
tion. 
1)  loaf;  2)  to  roll;  3)  by  dint. 

18.— THE  GLASS  MOUNTAIN 

a  Many  an  adventurer  had  lost  his  life  in  an  attempt  to  gain  a  golden 
apple  and  admission  to  the  castle  of  the  rich  princess. 
1)  glass;  2)  silver;  3)  ravine;  4)  to  grin. 

b  A  schoolboy  prepared  himself  for  the  attempt, 
1)  mere;  2'  'ynx;  3)  claw. 

c  Half-way  up  the  mountain  he  was  exhausted. 
1)  to  parch;  2)  cloud;   3)  to  moisten. 

d  He  fell  asleep,  clinging  to  the  side  of  the  mountain. 
1)  pitch;  2)  to  glue;  3)  to  slumber. 

e  The  eagle  that  guarded  the  apple  tree  swooped  down  on  him  and 
found  liim  awake. 
1)  lookout;  2)  to  emerge;  3)  to  circle;  4)  carrion;  5)  to  swoop. 

f  CUnging  to  the  feet  of  the  eagle,  he  was  borne  over  the  castle  wall,  and 
then  he  dropped  into  the  apple  tree. 
1)  to  dig;  2)  to  glitter*  3)  lamp;  4)  balcony;  5)  broad. 

g  After  healing  his  wounds,  he  used  the  charm  of  a  golden  apple  to  gain 
admission  to  the  castle  and  the  princess. 
1)  peel;  2)  dragon;  3)  retinue. 

h  The  youth  remained  on  the  mountain  with  his  wife  and  his  riches. 
1)  to  greet;  2)  to  enjoy. 

19.— THE  BROKEN  PROMISE 

a  The  Indian  father  died  in  peace,  thinking  his  child  provided  for. 
1)  deep;  2)  motherless;  3)  to  exact;  4)  to  forsake. 

b  In  the  spring  the  elder  brother,  despite  the  sister's  protest,  left  them- 
1)  thick;  2)  to  stir:  3)  wigwam;  4)  hut. 


FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH  153 

c  The  next  spring  the  sister  left  the  little  boy. 
1)  to  melt;  2)  hard;  3)  burden;  4)  shelter. 

d  She  did  not  return. 

1)  journeying;  2)  brave;  3)  husband. 

e  The  little  boy  grew  to  live  on  roots  and  to  accompany  the  wolves  to 
their  feasts. 
1)  berry;  2)  root;  3)  fill;  4)  to  howl;  5)  prey. 

f  The  elder  brother  one  day  heard  the  younger  singing  a  wolf  song  on 
the  shores  of  the  lake,  but  the  younger  ran  away  at  the  approach 
of  the  elder. 
1)  to  go  down;  2)  canoe;  3)  to  sink;  4)  skin;  5)  depth. 

g  The  brother  and  sister  mourned  till  death  the  broken  promise. 
1)  anguish;  2)  to  mourn. 

20.— THE  DEAD  WIFE 

a  An  Indian  widower  dressed  a  doll  in  his  wife^s  clothes  to  console  him- 
self for  her  loss. 
1)  forest;   2)  wooden;   3)  to  brush  off. 

b  After  several  mysterious  visits,  he  one  day  found  his  wife  in  his 
cabin — as  she  said — by  the  permission  of  the  Great  Spirit. 
1)  fire;  2)  kettle;  3)  to  mystify;  4)  shoulder;  5)  to  touch. 

C  On  the  way  to  the  tribe  he  touched  her,  and  she  fell  into  the  fire, — 
a  wooden  doll. 
1)  to  make  haste;  2)  string;  3)  to  set  about;  4)  to  brush  against. 

d  The  tribe  found  that  the  unhappy  man  had  spoken  the  truth. 
1)  misery;  2)  to  weigh  down. 

21.— IN  THE  LAND  OF  SOULS 

a  After  two  moons  of  grief  for  his  young  wife,  the  sachem  remembered 
how  he  might  recover  her. 
1)  sachem;   2)  elder;   3)  far;  4)  moon. 

b  An  old  man,  standing  on  a  mountain,  told  him  he  must  leave  his 
body  behind  in  order  to  enter  the  land  of  souls. 
1)  cliff;  2)  distance;  3)  yonder;  4)  safely. 


164  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

c  He  passed  through  a  beautiful  land  of  shadows. 

1)  air;  2)  scent;  3)  to  rub  noses;  4)  to  circle;  5)  to  bar, 

d  He  came  to  the  lake  and  the  stone  canoe. 
1)  winged;   2)  lovely;   3)  to  glitter;   4)  paddle. 

e  His  wife  followed  him,  and  both  of  them,  for  their  innocence,  were 
allowed  to  enter  and  remain  in  the  happy  land  till  the  Master  of 
Life  spoke  to  him. 
1)  to  push  off;  2)  to  sink;  3)  bone;  4)  flowery;  5)  mtirmur. 

f  (C)  "  Return  to  do  good  for  your  people  and  you  will  rejoin  your 
wife  later." 
1)  messenger;  2)  patience. 

22.— A  STORY  OF  KING  FROST 

a  The  father  took  the  stepdaughter  out  into  the  cold  fields. 

1)  peasant;  2)  to  humor;  3)  to  pamper;  4)  to  do  for  one;  5)  scold. 

b  King  Frost  presented  himself  to  the  weeping  girl. 

1)  to  spring;  2)  to  crack;  3)  fir;  4)  crisp;  5)  to  crackle;  6)  red  nose. 

0  Despite  her  inconvenience  she  was  polite  to  the  old  man,  and  he 
rewarded  her. 
1)  bluff;  2)  to  chatter;  3)  courteous;  4)  to  pierce;  5)  sledge. 

d  When  the  stepmother  saw  the  presents,  she  sent  her  husband  with 
her  daughter  to  the  same  place. 
1)  wicked;    2)  to  creak;    3)  to  fly  open;    4)  radiant;    5)  to  glitter; 
6)  to  dazzle;  7)  to  yoke. 

e  King  Frost  froze  to  death  the  impolite  daughter. 
1)  amiable;  2)  rude;  3)  to  gnash. 

f  The  impatient  mother  received  into  her  arms  the  frozen  body,  and 
was  herself  chilled  to  death. 
1)  direction;  2)  to  upset;  3)  to  chill. 

23.— THE  DEATH  OF  THE  SUN-HERO 

a  The  son  of  a  certain  king  was  such  a  wonderful  lad  that  all  the  people 
called  him  the  sun-hero. 
1)  clever;  2)  counselor;  3)  to  sparkle;  4)  wind. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  155 

b  When  he  had  found  the  tree  of  the  sun  and  grasped  for  one  of  its 
golden  apples,  he  heard  the  girl  in  red  laughing  behind  him. 
1)  to  pluck;   2)  wizard;   3)  definite;   4)  whereabouts;   5)  to  put  out; 
6)  tip-toe;  7)  to  recede;  8)  personage. 

c  (C)  "To  get  an  apple,  you  must  guard  the  tree,  and  you  must  die  if 
you  fail." 
1)  ravage;  2)  wolf. 

d  The  hero  went  to  his  post. 
1)  to  frighten. 

e  Not  till  the  eighth  day  did  he  fall  asleep  at  his  post. 
1)  to  beat  off;   2)  eye;  3)  to  fail. 

f  (C)  "  I,  mother  of  the  sun,  condemn  you  to  death  for  your  vanity.^' 
1)  black;  2)  to  pronounce  sentence. 

g  His  mother's  word,  that  the  one  thing  which  could  hurt  him  was 
unknown  to  the  sun,  consoled  him. 
1)  to  strike  down;   2)  gayety;  3)  sunshine. 

h  When  he  was  bitten  by  the  deadly  crab,  the  black  woman  appeared 
beside  his  deathbed  to  gloat  over  his  punishment. 
1)  threat;  2)  to  go  hunting;  3)  crab;  4)  fate;  5)  to  close  in  death. 

24.— THE  STORY  OF  A  LONG  NOSE 

a  The  wizard,  for  the  fault  of  his  father,  doomed  Prince  Hyacinth  to 
keep  his  long  nose  till  he  himself  would  find  out  his  defect. 
1)  wizard;  2)  to  enrage;  3)  proportion;  4)  to  make  matters  worse. 

b  Owing  to  the  flattery  of  the  courtiers,  the  prince  was  in  a  fair  way 
never  to  learn  this. 
1)  vanity;   2)  jealous;   3)  to  pull. 

c  To  the  discomfiture  of  the  courtiers,  the  prince  chose  a  wife  with  a 
short  nose,  but  the  sly  flatterers  found  an  explanation. 
1)  at  hand;  2)  eligible;  3)  to  be  hard  put  to  it. 

d  In  every  town  on  the  way  to  his  princess  his  nose  was  jeered  at. 
1)  consolation;   2)  to  go  forth;   3)  hubbub;   4)  to  jeer;   5)  comment. 

e  The  youth  confided  his  woes  to  his  fairy  godmother,  and  the  old 
lady  saw  her  chance  to  cure  his  vanity. 
1)  chagrin;  2)  charm;  3)  beak;  4)  to  prove  too  much. 


156  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

f  When  he  saw  the  princess,  imprisoned  by  the  old  dame,  and  found  he 
could  neither  free  her  nor  kiss  her  hand  for  his  long  nose,  he  ac- 
knowledged the  ugHness  of  the  member. 
1)  crystal;  2)  to  fall  to  work;  3)  utterly;  4)  proboscis. 

g  While  he  was  rejoicing  in  the  good  effects  of  his  confession,  the  fairy 
preached  him  a  sermon  on  vanity. 
1)  splinter;  2)  to  blind;  3)  to  get  in  the  way. 


25.— RUMPELSTILTSKIN 

a  On  account  of  her  father's  boasting,  the  king  told  the  maiden  she 
must  die  or  spin  the  straw  into  gold. 
1)  unfortunate;   2)  to  comfort. 

b  A  little  man  for  a  sHght  present  spun  all  the  straw  into  gold. 
1)  necklace;  2)  whir;  3)  bobbin. 

c  The  second  day  the  same  thing  happened  to  the  king,  the  girl  and  the 
httle  man. 
1)  greedy;  2)  to  lust  after;  3)  to  come  to  the  help  of. 

d  The  third  day  the  king  promised  the  girl  to  make  her  his  queen,  if  she 
repeated  her  performance,  and  she  promised  the  Uttle  man  her 
first  child,  if  he  would  help  her;   all  of  which  fell  out. 
1)  to  weep;  2)  fulfillment;  3)  manikin. 

e  The  little  man  agreed  to  waive  his  right  to  the  child,  if  in  three  days 
the  queen  learnt  his  name. 
1)  to  demand;  2)  to  beg;  3)  to  waive. 

f  The  first  and  second  day  the  queen  got  no  information  from  her 
messengers. 
1)  to  ponder;  2)  to  come  across. 

g  The  third  day  one  of  the  messengers  told  her  of  the  strange  song  of  a 
httle  man  in  the  country. 
1)  grotesque;  2)  to  hop;  3)  to  brew;  4)  dame;^)  to  deem. 

h  The  little  man  was  so  enraged  when  the  queen  called  him  by  name 
that  he  tore  himself  in  two. 
1)  to  enrage;  2)  to  scream;  3)  to  drive;  4)  waist;  4)  to  tear. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  157 


26.— WHY  THE  SEA  IS  SALT 

a  The  mill  would  grind  at  its  owner^s  command,  but  would  not  stop 
unless  its  owner  knew  how  to  make  it. 
1)  hand-mill:  2)  marvel;  3)  to  cease. 

b  One  purchaser  was  almost  drowned  in  herrings  and  porridge  because 
he  did  not  know  how  to  stop  the  mill. 
1)  characteristic;  2)  fat;  3)  to  flood;  4)  kitchen;  5)  parlor;  6)  neck- 
high;  7)  tide;  8)  shrewdly. 

c  A  skipper  paid  a  goodly  price  for  it  in  order  to  be  saved  long  voyages 
after  salt. 
1)  fame;  2)  abroad;  3)  foreign;  4)  freight;  5)  to  part. 

d  The  skipper  in  his  hurry  to  get  away  with  the  prize  did  not  ask  how 
to  stop  the  mill. 
1)  to  loiter;  2)  to  change. 

e  The  skipper  bade  the  mill  grind. 
1)  deck. 

f  The  ship  was  sunk  and  the  mill  grinds  on. 
1)  to  spout;   2)  water;   3)  bottom. 

27.— THE  TERRIBLE  HEAD 

a  Of  the  three  dreadful  sisters  whose  look  was  mortal,  only  the  young- 
est could  be  killed. 
1)  ogreish;   2)  claw;   3)  serpent. 

b  Thinking  the  prince  who  stood  in  the  way  of  his  suit  would  be  killed 
by  the  ogress,  he  sent  the  boy  to  cut  off  her  head. 
1)  widowed;    2)  hand;   3)  outright;   4)  unknown;    5)  ogress. 

c  A  young  man  equipped  the  boy. 
1)  to  fly;   2)  invisible;  3)  to  cleave. 

d  When  he  came  upon  the  sisters,  he  walked  backwards,  and  cutting 
off  the  head,  fled,  invisible  to  his  pursuers. 
1)  bank;    2)  poplar;     3)  claw;    4)  to   writhe   out;    5)  to   contrive; 
6)  mirror;  7)  wallet. 


158  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  He  met  the  king  pursuing  his  mother  with  murderous  intent,  and 
presented  to  him  the  head. 
1)  incredibly;    2)  to  fly  for  one's  life;    3)  naked;    4)  to  catch  on  a 
shield. 

f  The  king  became  a  stone. 
l)tofaUon;  2)  to  Hft. 

28.— THE  VALUE  OF  A  CAT 

a  Mr.  Fitzwarren  insisted  that  Dick  Whittington  should  send  his  cat  to 
be  sold  on  the  voyage. 
1)  outcast;    2)  scullion;    3)  to  venture;    4)  factor;    5)  profit;    6)  to 
abound;  7)  garret. 

b  Driven  by  storms  on  the  coasts  of  Barbary,  they  learned  that  the 
viands  were  regularly  carried  off  the  king's  table  by  rats,  and  that 
the  natives  knew  no  relief. 
1)  course;  2)  to  set  down;  3)  disgust;  4)  horde;  5)  very;   6)  pest. 

c  The  king  called  for  the  creature  that  would  destroy  the  rats. 
1)  vermin;  2)  to  destroy. 

d  The  cat  did  such  execution  that  the  king  bought  the  cargo,  and  paid 
ten  times  as  much  for  the  cat  as  for  the  cargo. 
1)  midst;  2)  rodent;  3)  slaughter;  4)  cargo;  5)  to  strike  a  bargain. 

e  Whittington  was  surprised  to  find  he  was  one  of  the  richest  men  of 
London. 
1)  to  hurry;  2)  fortune;  3)  counting-house;  4)  ragged;   5)  to  mock; 
6)  sometime. 

f  He  proved  himself  worthy  of  his  fortune. 
1)  sheriff;  2)  Lord  Mayor;  3)  Henry  V. 

29.— ST.  FRANCIS  AND  THE  BIRDS 

a  Francis  left  his  companions  to  preach  to  the  birds. 
1)  to  lift  up;  2)  hard  by;  3)  well-nigh;  4)  to  preach. 

b  He  went  among  them,  and  they  stayed  for  his  blessing. 

1)  field;   2)  to  make  an  end;   3)  Masseo;   4  Jaques  da  Massa;   5)  to 
touch. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  159 

c  (C)  "  Be  grateful  to  God,  who  has  done  so  much  for  you." 

1)  to  be  bound;  2)  liberty;  3)  raiment;  4)  Noah;  5)  refuge;  6)  nest; 
7)  to  clothe. 

d  The  birds  heard  him  reverently,  and  Francis  blessed  them,  sending 
them  to  the  quarters  of  the  world  as  his  brothers  were  sent. 
1)  beak;  2)  to  marvel;  3)  leave;  4)  flight;  5)  pattern. 


30.— THE  WOLF  OF  AGOBIO 

a  In  the  time  of  St.  Francis  a  great  wolf  had  all  Agobio  in  terror. 
1)  to  abide;  2)  to  array;  3)  to  come  to  a  pass;  4)  to  dare. 

b  Despite  the  fear  of  the  townsfolk,  Francis  went  out  to  meet  the  wolf, 
and  as  the  animal  leaped  at  him,  made  the  sign  of  the  cross  over 
him  and  addressed  him. 
1)  to  give  counsel;   2)  to  put  trust  in  anything;   3)  townsfolk;   4)  to 
make  at  one;  5)  to  bespeak. 

c  The  wolf  stopped,  and  Francis  spoke  kindly  to  him. 
1)  to  stay;  2)  to  lay  down;  3)  gibbet;  4)  fain. 

d  The  wolf  raised  his  right  paw,  and  pledged  himself  to  do  as  the  Saint 
willed. 
1)  to  abide;  2)  to  plight  troth;  3)  to  take  pledge. 

e  The  wolf  lived  for  two  years  like  a  tame  beast  in  Agobio,  and  then 
died  to  the  sorrow  of  the  people. 
1)  tame;  2)  courteously;  3)  to  bark;  4)  sorely. 


31.— ST.  ANTONY  AND  THE  FISHES 

a  By  the  inspiration  of  God,  who  wished  to  reprove  stiff-necked  men, 
Antony,  after  attempting  the  conversion  of  the  heretics  of  Rimini 
in  vain,  preached  to  the  fishes. 
1)  to  reprove;   2  folly;   3)  Balaam;   4)  stiff-necked. 

b  The  fishes,  great  and  small,  arranged  themselves  in  order  to  hear  the 
Saint. 
1)  multitude;  2)  anigh;  3)  order. 


160  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

c  When  the  fish  were  seen  gathering  to  hear  the  Saint,  even  the  heretics 
came  out  to  hear  his  words. 
1)  array;  2)  aforesaid;  3)  to  behold. 

d  Thereupon  Antony  converted  the  heretics,  and  sent  away  the  fishes 
with  his  blessing. 
1)  nobly;  2)  exceeding  great;  3)  to  reap. 


32.— SIR  RODOLPH  OF  HAPSBURG 

a  Gallant  Rodolph  of  Hapsburg,  wise  in  council  and  brave  in  war,  had 
outstripped  his  train,  and  raised  his  bugle  to  call  them  on. 
1)  hunter;  2)  frosty;  3)  Alpine;  4)  chase;  5)  reverent;   6)  needless; 
7)  loiterer. 

b  He  heard  a  bell,  and  knelt  at  the  approach  of  the  Sacrament. 
1)  silvery;  2)  to  dismount;  3)  humbly;  4)  plain. 

c  (C)  "I  insist,  Father,  that  my  Lord  ride." 

1)  to  whisper;  2)  steed;  3)  page;  4)  alone;  5)  foul. 

d  The  priest  did  as  Rodolph  willed. 

1)  rein  in  hand;  2)  to  bend;  3)  reverent;  4)  rocky;  5)  company. 

e  Rodolph  insisted  on  giving  the  horse  to  the  priest. 
1)  pass;  2)  to  check;  3)  pathway. 

f  The  priest  prophesied  Rodolph's  greatness. 
1)  benediction;  2)  to  gaze;  3)  to  reward. 

g  After  nine  years  Rodolph  was  made  king. 

1)  to  roll  by;  2)  stalwart;  3)  peer;  4)  serf;  5)  accord* 

33.— THE  MUSIC  OF  HEAVEN 

a  Dr.  Grant  was  asked  if  he  would  not  tire  of  the  music  of  heaven. 
1)  Southwark;   2)  familiarity;   3)  to  foster;  4)  to  tire. 

b  The  Bishop  told  her  a  legend. 

1)  skeptic;  2)  puzzle.  "^ 

c  A  monk,  tired  with  labor,  thought  Paradise  not  worth  the  trouble^ 
1)  to  flag;  2)  to  bethink;  3)  toil. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  161 

d  He  followed  the  bird  into  the  midst  of  the  forest,  and  came  home  after 
a  long  ramble. 
1)  to  thrill;    2)  to  perch;    3)  to  flutter;   4)  rich;    5)  gush;    6)  spell; 
7)  warbler;   8)  heart;   9)  ramble. 

e  He  found  the  monastery  strangely  changed,  and  was  greeted  as  a 
ghost. 
1)  to  befall;   2)  ivy;   3)  lichen;  4)  moss;   5)  to  drape;   6)  summons; 
7)  porter;  8)  hundred. 

f  He  broke  out  into  exclamations  of  wonder,  and  knew  that  his  doubt 
had  been  answered. 
1)  scarcely;  2)  wanderer. 

34._ST.  GEORGE  AND  THE  DRAGON 

a  The  people  of  Selene,  after  exhausting  all  their  flocks,  were  obliged 
to  sacrifice  their  children  to  the  dragon. 
1)  legion;     2)  Libya;     3)  consternation;     4)  ravage;     5)  marsh; 
6)  refuge;  7)  lot. 

b  The  people  were  so  angered  at  the  king's  attempt  to  save  his 
daughter  CleodoHnde  that  he  was  obhged  to  yield  up  the  maiden, 
who  offered  herself  a  willing  victim. 
1)  to  redeem;  2)  edict;  3)  to  wax;  4)  wroth;  5)  to  bewail. 

c  She  refused  the  services  of  St.  George. 

1)  dweUing;  2)  drearily;  3)  to  strew;  4)  bone;  5)  to  tarry. 

d  St.  George,  relying  on  the  power  of  Christ,  insisted. 

1)  loathly. 
8  While  the  princess  trembled  with  fear,  he  pinned  the  monster  to  the 
ground. 

1)  lair;  2)  to  crawl;  3)  to  spur  toward;  4)  to  pin. 

f  The  princess  led  the  bound  dragon  by  her  girdle. 
1)  girdle;  2)  to  subdue. 

g  St.  George  promised  to  destroy  the  dragon  on  the  conversion  of  the 
city. 
1)  guise;  2)  adversary. 

h  The  people  were  converted,  and  St.  George  distributed  his  gifts  to  the 
poor. 


162  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


35.— ST.  CHRISTOPHER 

a  OfPero,  discovering  that  his  master  feared  the  devil,  set  out  to  find  the 
latter. 
1)  colossal;  2)  bulk;  3)  minstrel;  4)  to  cross. 

b  He  found  Satan,  and  soon  discovered  that  he  feared  Christ. 
1)  desert;  2)  air;  3)  trembling. 

c  The  hermit,  finding  he  would  not  fast  or  pray,  inquired  if  he  knew  a 
certain  river. 
1)  hermit;  2)  wild  fellow;  3)  stony;  4)  to  swell. 

d  He  sent  him  to  work  at  the  river. 

1)  strength;  2)  to  struggle;  3)  to  perish. 

e  He  never  wearied  of  his  task. 

1)  to  root  up;  2)  to  sink;  3)  shoulder;  4)  task;  5)  to  weary. 

f  After  carrying  over  the  great  burden,  Christopher  learned  it  was 
Christ. 
1)  to  come  to  pass;  2)  hut;  3)  feeble;  4)  edge;  5)  staff;  6)  to  stay; 
7)  to  totter;   8)  burden. 

g  The  giant's  heart  was  changed. 
1)  face;  2)  to  adore;  3)  to  work. 

36.— THE  LEGEND  OF  ST.  CATHARINE 

a  Catharine  confronted  the  Emperor  on  the  steps  of  the  temple  with 
the  proofs  of  the  Christian  religion. 
1)  legend;      2)  Egypt;      3)  Alexandria;      4)  torment;      5)  heathen; 
6)  recess;   7)  to  sally;   8)  to  confront;   9)  pagan. 

b  The  fifty  philosophers  and  rhetoricians  cried  out  to  have  the  maiden 
brought  before  them. 
1)  to  confound;  2)  trivial;  3)  folly;  4)  rashness. 

c  Catharine  converted  her  opponents,  and  encouraged  them  to  mar- 
tyrdom. 
1)  feebleness;   2)  sage;   3)  to  quote;   4)  Plato;   5)  Sibyl;    6)  to  con* 
found;  7)  to  account;  8)  crown. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  163^ 

d  Catharine  was  put  to  death  by  the  sword,  and  her  body  was  carried 
to  Mt.  Sinai. 
I)  dungeon;     2)  Maximin;     3)  empress;     4)  wheel;     5)  to   behead; 
6)  Desert;  7)  Red  Sea;  8)  summit. 

37.— ST.  SYLVESTER  AND  CONSTANTINE 

a  It  was,  while  Sylvester  lay  concealed  from  persecution  at  Mount 
Calvo,  that  Constantine  was  ordered  to  take  the  bath  of  blood 
w'^ich  he  finally  refused. 
1)  virtuous;    2)  cavern;    3)  leprosy;    4)  to  bathe;    5)  chariot;    6)  to 
dishevel. 

b  The  children  were  restored  to  their  mothers. 
1)  recompense;   2)  gratitude. 

c  Peter  and  Paul  appeared  to  Constantine,  and  told  him  he  would  be 
cured  by  Sylvester,  and  should  become  a  Christian. 
1)  bedside;     2)  to    spill;     3)  counsel;     4)  to    lie    hidden;     5)  pool; 
6)  clean;  7)  to  cease. 

d  Constantine  asked  the  prisoner,  Sylvester,  what  gods  had  appeared 
to  him. 
1)  cheerfully;  2)  vision. 

e  Constantine,  seeing  from  their  pictures   that  Peter  and  Paul  had 
appeared  to  him,  was  baptized  and  healed. 
1)  effigy;   2)  possession;   3)  dream;'  4)  font. 

38.— THE  CLOAK  OF  ST.  MARTIN 

a  Martin  was  bom  of  pagan  parents,  and  as  a  catechumen  excited  the. 
admiration  of  his  comrades  by  his  Christian  virtues. 
1)  Constantine;    2)  Saberia;    3)  Pannonia;    4)  tribune;    5)  heathen; 
6)  catechumen;    7)  to  enroll;    8)  cavalry;    9)  license;    10)  in- 
compatible;   11)  valiant. 

b  Meeting  a  poor  beggar,  he  divided  his  cloak  with  him. 
1)  to  quarter;  2)  legion;  3)  severity;  4)  to  shiver;  5)  twain. 

c  Jesus,  appearing  in  a  vision  to  him,  told  the  angels  of  his  deed. 
1)  to  bestow;  2)  to  array. 

d  Martin  hastened  to  baptism. 


164  FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH 

39.— THE  THEBAN  LEGION 

a  The  Theban  Legion  was  made  up  of  Christians,  and  commanded  by 
one. 
1)  Diocletian    and    Maximin;     2)  to    levy;     3)  Thebaid;     4)  valor; 

5)  Maurice. 

b  The  pari:  of  the  Theban  Legion  left  there  refused  to  join  in  the  games 
on  the  shores  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 
1)  to  reinforce;    2)  Gaul;    3)  passage;    4)  Alps;    5)  to  withdraw; 

6)  idolatrous;   7)  league;  8)  to  extirpate. 

c  After  they  had  been  decimated  twice  for  their  Christian  refusal, 
Maurice  on  the  third  summons  spoke  their  sentiments. 
1)  to  decimate;  2)  lot;  3)  to  emulate. 

d  (C)  "  We  will  fight  for  thee,  Csesar,  but  not  against  Christ." 
1)  pay;  2)  life;  3)  barbarian;  4)  to  renounce. 

e  They  went  to  slaughter  meekly. 

1)  courage;    2)  to  hem  round;    3)  massacre;    4)  resistance;    5)  to 
resign;  6)  sheep;  7)  to  trample;  8)  hoof. 

f  At  Cologne  and  other  places  so  many  of  the  rest  of  the  legion  perished 
for  the  faith  that  it  was  called  the  glorious  Theban  Legion. 
1)  Gereon;  2)  Prefect  Varus;  3)  to  forsake;  4)  pit;  5)  annals. 

40.— HOW  ST.  MARK  SAVED  VENICE 

a  On  the  night  of  February  the  twenty-fifth,  1340,  a  man  at  the  Riva 
di  San  Marco  besought  a  fisherman,  despite  the  latter's  protests, 
to  carry  him  over  to  San  Giorgio  Maggiore. 
1)  to  fall  out;  2)  to  rise;  3)  fearful;  4)  cubit;  5)  canal;   6)  to  be  at 
the  highest;  7)  to  sink;  8)  to  set  forth. 

b  At  San  Giorgio  another  man  joined  them,  and  the  boatman  was 
asked  to  row  to  San  Nicolo  di  Lido. 
1)  to  land;  2)  hesitates;  3)  boldly;  4)  smooth.    _ 

c  At  San  Nicolo  a  third  joined  the  party,  and  the  boatman  was  asked 
to  row  for  the  open  sea. 
1)  open;  2)  castle;  3)  to  rage;  4)  to  make  head. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  166 

d  At  the  sign  of  the  cross  the  approaching  ship  of  devils  vanished. 
1)  to  fly;  2)  galley;  3)  demon;  4)  to  overwhelm;  5)  calm;  6)  to  ex- 
orcise; 7)  to  vanish. 

e  After  landing  two  of  his  visitors  where  he  had  received  them,  the 
boatman  carried  the  third  to.San  Marco,  and  there,  on  demand  of 
his  fare,  was  told  how  he  might  prove  to  the  Doge  that  this  pas- 
senger was  St.  Mark  and  the  savior  of  the  city. 
1)  miracle;    2)  to  witness;    3)  Procuratore;    4)  tempest;    5)  school- 
master; 6)  San  Felice. 

f  He  was  given  a  ring  to  prove  his  tale. 
1)  ducat;  2)  sanctuary. 

g  The  proof  was  accepted,  and  thanks  returned  to  God  and  his  saints 
for  the  deHverance  of  the  city. 
1)  to  present;  2)  procession. 

41.— SANTIAGO 

a  Ramirez  in  939  vowed  to  free  Castile  from  the  tribute  of  virgins. 
1)  shameful;    2)  annually;  3)  weal;  4)  woe. 

b  After  the  defeat  of  the  first  day  St.  Jago  appeared  to  him,  and  prom- 
ised him  victory  on  the  morrow. 
1)  Clavijo;  2)  conflict;  3)  to  retire;  4)  couch;  5)  to  fling;  6)  fatigue. 

c  The  vision  was  recounted  to  the  army,  and  St.  Jago  himself  appeared 
in  the  battle,  giving  them  the  victory  which  made  "Santiago"  the 
battle-cry  of  Spain. 
1)  prelate;  2)  recount;  3)  to  sound  to  battle;  4)  milk-white;  5)  stand- 
ard. 

42.— THEODOSIUS  AND  AMBROSE 

a  The  passionate  Theodosius  massacred  seven  thousand  inhabitants  of 
Thessalonica  for  a  sedition  which  happened  there. 
1)  fit;  2)  violent;  3)  affray;  4)  massacre;  5)  to  sacrifice, 
b  Ambrose  excommunicated  him,  and  forbade  his  entrance  into  the 
Cathedral  of  Milan  even  on  Christmas  day. 
1)  prelate;  2)  to  denounce;  3)  abhorrence;  4)  to  supplicate;  5)  porch; 
0)  dead. 


166  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

c  The  excommunication  was  removed  only  on  the  fulfillment  of  two 
severe  conditions. 
1)  interdict;   2)  to  relent;   3)  penance;   4)  sackcloth;   5)  to  grovel; 

6)  ashes. 

43.— THE  LEGEND  OF  ST.  OGG 

a  A  woman  sat  beside  the  river  where  Ogg  was  a  boatman,  and  desired 
to  be  ferried  across  against  the  advice  of  the  men  thereabout. 
1)  Beorl;    2)  to  ferry;    3)  scanty;   4)  Floss;    5)  high;    6)  to  moan; 

7)  rag;  8)  to  wither;  9)  to  crave;   10)  thereabout;   11)  to  tarry; 
12)  to  take  shelter. 

b  Ogg  offered  himself,  and  ferried  her  across. 
1)  heart;  2)  to  need. 

c  When  she  reached  shore,  a  glory  covered  her  about,  and  she  prom- 
ised Ogg  that  as  a  reward  for  his  kindness  his  boat  would  always  be 
safe  from  peril  in  the  storm. 
1)  to  come  to  pass;  2)  ashore;  3)  to  flow;  4)  glory;  5)  moon;  6)  to 
wrangle;    7)  to  smite;    8)  peril;   9)  to  put  forth;    10)  rescue; 
11)  to  save. 

d  Many  were  saved  from  the  floods  by  reason  of  that  blessing,  but  at 
Ogg's  death  the  boat  floated  away,  to  be  seen  afterwards  only  in 
time  of  flood  when  it  hghted  to  safety. 
1)  parting;  2)  to  loose;  3)  mooring;  4)  to  ebb;  5)  eventide;  6)  wide- 
spreading;  7)  prow;  8)  to  gather;  9)  to  take  heart. 


44.— ALBERTUS  MAGNUS 

a  Though  Albert  de  Groot  was  called  an  ass  in  the  University  of  Padua, 
he  was  admitted  as  a  novice  by  the  Dominicans. 
1)  Saxony;  2)  to  confer;  3)  quick;  4)  lonely;  5)  dullard;  6)  voca- 
tion. 

b  Discouraged  by  his  dullness,  he  determined  te4eave  the  monastery 
and  become  a  hermit. 
1)  dullness;  2)  slowness;  3)  burden;  4)  wilderness;  5)  hermit;  6)  to 
assail;  7)  novena. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  167 

c  He  had  put  his  ladder  against  the  wall  of  the  monastery,  when  the 
vision  appeared,  and  he  received  from  the  Virgin  the  promise  of 
knowledge. 
1)  cell;  2)  brilliant;  3)  learning;  4)  philosophy;  5)  to  be  beset;  6)  to 
withdraw. 

d  Albert  became  the  greatest  teacher  in  Christendom. 

1)  stupefaction;  2)  theme;  3)  to  metamorphose;  4)  Hildesheim; 
5)  Fribourg;  6)  Ratisbon;  7)  Strasburg;  8)  to  dazzle;  9)  con- 
course; 10)  to  flock;  11)  Place  Maubert;  12)  Aubertj 
13)  Aquinas. 

e  At  the  age  of  seventy-two  his  learning  suddenly  departed,  and  he 
retired  to  solitude  to  prepare  for  death. 
1)   whisper;     2)    auditory;     3)    to    electrify;     4)    self-satisfaction; 
5)  source;  6)  warning. 


45.— A  ROYAL  CHARITY 

a  The  devotion  of  EUzabeth  to  the  poor  and  to  piety  did  not  meet  with 
the  approval  of  her  mother-in-law. 
1)  Thuringia;  2)  allurement;  3)  to  clothe;  4)  income;  5)  worldly- 
minded;  6)  frivolity. 

b  Once  during  the  absence  of  her  husband  she  laid  a  leper  in  his  bed. 
1)  distant:  2)  leper;  3)  Helias;  4)  deplorable;  5)  to  anoint;  6)  balm. 

c  His  mother  ran  to  inform  the  returning  Duke. 
1)  to  alight;  2)  pretty  doing. 

d  She  claimed  EUzabeth  was  exposing  him  to  the  leprosy. 
1)  to  prevent. 

e  The  Duke  beheld  Christ  crucified. 

1)  to  repress;  2)  irritation;  3)  covering;  4)  to  unseal. 

f  Weeping,  he  told  his  wife  to  do  the  same  thing  often. 
1)  abundant;  2)  to  calm;  3)  wrath;  4)  guest;  5)  to  hinder. 

g  Elizabeth  got  permission  for  an  almshouse  half-way  up  the  moun- 
tain. 
1)  signal;  2)  to  profit;  3)  midway;  4)  rocky  height;  5)  to  crown; 
6)  Wartbourg;  7)  feeble. 


168  FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH 


46.— THE  BOY  MARTYR 

a  Unshaken  by  the  sufferings  of  others,  Pancratius  stood  in  the  arena. 
1)  to  devote;  2)  shake;  3)  to  contrast;  4)  swarthy;  5)  brawny;  6)  exe- 
cutioner. 

b  A  bear  and  a  leopard  let  loose  against  the  praying  boy  seemed  held 
divinely. 
1)  fetter;  2)  to  stretch  out;  3)  to  breathe  fury;  4)  snort;  5)  to  tear. 

c  When  the  bull  imitated  his  predecessors,  the  Emperor  called  to  the 
boy  to  provoke  him. 
1)  mob;  2)  frantic;  3)  to  career;  4)  to  lash;  5)  to  charm;  6)  stone;  7)  to 
paw;  8)  to  bellow;  9)  to  roar  out. 

d  Pancratius  waved  his  arms,  and  when  the  bull  showed  his  temper, 
some  one  cried  out  that  the  boy  was  a  sorcerer. 
1)  trance;  2)  to  toss;  3)  to  disconcert;  4)  sorcerer. 

e  At  the  Emperor's  command  Pancratius  explained  the  amulet,  and 
asked  for  the  panther. 
1)  to  re-echo;  2)  amulet;  3)  moisten;  4)  crown. 

f  Amid  dead  silence,  the  panther  approached  his  victim  and  sprang  at 

him. 

1)  avalanche;  2)  to  start  up;  3)  magic;  4)  graceful;  5)  to  frisk;  6)  to 

gambol;   7)   feline;   8)   velvet-covered;   9)   dell;    10)   stealthy; 

11)  sleek;  12)  to  disdain;  13)  to  crouch;  14)  suspense;  15)  to 

snarl;  16)  elastic;  17)  leech;  18)  fang;  19)  fore-claw. 

g  The  martyr  slept. 

1)  artery;  2)  to  sever;  3)  slumber. 

47.— A  CHRISTIAN  SOLDIER 

a  Maximian's  love  being  turned  to  hate,  he  ordered  Sebastian  to  be 
slowly  killed,  but  the  latter's  friends  paid  for  his  Hfe. 
1)  vindictive;  2)  Hyphax;  3)  to  sting;  4)  pin-thrust;  5)  to  bribe;  6)  in- 
sensibility. 

b  He  was  shot  at  by  the  band  of  unsympathizing  Africans,  and  was 
uncheered  by  the  smile  of  a  single  friend. 
1)  dungeon;  2)  martyrdom;  3)  quarters;  4)  Adonis;  5)  archer;  6)  am- 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  169 

phitheater;  7)  to  cheer;  8)  human;  9)  hunter;  10)  to  nerve; 

11)  truss;  12)  horde;  13)  swarthy;  14)  uncouth;  15)  banditti. 

c  Sebastian  saw  the  only  witnesses  he  cared  for. 

1)  angel;  2)  to  dazzle;  3)  bowman.  ^ 

d  It  was  sport  for  all  except  the  martyr. 

1)  ear;  2)  to  tremble;  3)  marksman;  4)  vital;  5)  to  brawl;  6)  to  jeer; 
7)  to  droop;    8)  to  paint;    9)  earnest;    10)  pang;    11)  smart; 

12)  knotty. 

e  The  martyr  did  not  reach  glory,  for  when  he  sank  unconscious,  the 
executioners  cut  the  cords. 
1)  dreary;  2)  golden  gate;  3)  lap;  4)  tormentor;  5)  carpet;  6)  pave- 
ment. 

f  The  Christians  nursed  him  back  to  hfe,  but  he  won  his  crown  a  few 
days  later. 
1)  to  nurse;  2)  to  drag;  3)  to  upbraid;  4)  club;  5)  to  covet. 


48.— "QUO  VADIS,  DOMINE?" 

a  Two  figures  were  on  the  Appian  Way. 
1)  dawn;  2)  dark;  3)  Campania. 

b  They  were  Peter  and  Nazarius. 
1)  to  jrield. 

c  Distinct  hnes  were  beginning  to  mark  the  landscape. 

1)  green;  2)  to  border;  3)  saffron;  4)  silver-leaved;  5)  marble;  6)  arch; 
7)  gold;  8)  rosy;  9)  Alban;  10)  lily-colored;  12)  ray. 

d  The  Hght  was  reflected  everywhere,  and  vistas  opened  through  the 
mists. 
1)  to  tremble;  2)  dewdrop;  3)  haze;  4)  thin;  5)  to  dot. 

e  Only  the  shoes  of  the  travelers  gave  a  sound. 

1)  villager;  2)  to  harness;  3)  block;  4)  mountain;  5)  bark. 

f  Nazarius  did  not  see  the  vision  which  burst  on  Peter. 
1)  line;  2)  golden  circle;  3)  to  rise;  4)  road. 

g  Peter  said  a  figure  was  approaching. 
1)  to  shade;  2)  gleam. 


170  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

h  As  no  sound  was  heard,  Nazarius  asked  Peter  what  ailed  him. 
1)  slight;  2)  to  quiver;  3)  to  spread. 

i  Peter  was  stunned. 
1)  staff;  2)  pilgrim;  3)  to  depict;  4)  rapture. 

j  Peter,  on  the  ground,  cried  out  to  Christ. 
1)  knee;  2)  to  kiss. 

k  Peter  asked  with  sobs: — "Quo  vadis,  Domine?" 
1)  to  break. 

1  Peter  heard  the  answer. 
1)  sad;  2)  to  desert. 

m  Peter  turned  back. 

1)  dust;  2)  to  faint;  3)  to  tremble;  4)  seven  hills. 

n  Peter  told  the  boy  he  was  going  to  his  death. 
1)  echo. 

49.— OSHIDORI 

a  Son  jo  was  so  hungry  that  he  killed  the  male  of  the  Oshidori. 

1)  falconer;    2)  Tamura-no-go ;    3)  Mutsu;    4)  game;    5)  Akanuma; 
6)  pair;  7)  rush. 

b  That  night  a  weeping  woman  in  a  dream  told  him  that  on  the  morrow 
he  would  know  what  he  had  done. 
1)  dreary;   2)  pillow;   3)  to  tear  out;   4)  marrow;   5)  twilight;   6)  to 
utter;  7)  piteously. 

c  In  the  morning  Sonjo  resolved  to  learn  the  meaning  of  the  dream. 
1)  vivid;  2)  to  resolve. 

d  The  duck  killed  herself. 

1)  to  swim;  2)  fixed;  3)  to  tear  open;  4)  to  shave. 


50.— THE  STORY  OF  OTEI 

a  When  Otei  became  aware  of  her  approaching  death,  she  sent  for  her 
betrothed. 
1)  Niigata;  2)  Echizen;  3)  Nagao;  4)  Chosei;  5)  to  betroth;  6)  fatal; 
7)  farewell. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  171 

b  (C)  "We  will  meet  again." 

1)  childhood;  2)  to  bury;  3)  womanhood. 

c  As  he  pledged  fidelity,  she  died. 

1)  to  soothe;  2)  to  pledge;  3)  existence. 

d  Though  faithful  to  the  memory  of  Otei,  Nagao  was  obliged  to  many. 
1)  sincerely;  2)  solemn;  3)  tablet;  4)  dim;  5)  dream. 

e  He  journeyed  forth  to  forget  his  misfortunes. 
1)  desolate;  2)  to  abandon. 

f  He  met  a  girl  who  resembled  Otei  in  everything. 
1)  mountain  village;  2)  thermal;  3)  scenery;  4)  to  leap;  5)  to  pinch; 
6)  chamber;  7)  to  sadden;  8)  Ikao. 

g  (C)  ^'Who  are  you?" 
1)  to  startle. 

h  (C)  "  You  are  my  promised  husband." 
1)  seal;  2)  Butsudan;  3)  Echigo. 

i  She  was  married,  but  could  never  again  remember  her  past. 
1)  previous;  2)  to  kindle. 


51.— UBAZAKURA 

a  Tokubei,  the  rich,  prayed  for  a  child. 

1)  Asamimura;      2)  Onsengori;     3)  lyo;     4)  Muraosa    (headman); 
5)  childlessness. 

b  His  wife  gave  birth  to  a  daughter. 

1)  deficient;  2)  milk-nurse;  3)  Tsyu;  4)  0-Sode. 

c  On  the  prayer  of  0-Sode  the  girl  was  cured. 
1)  mother's  love;  2)  to  recover. 

d  0-Sode  was  announced  dying  on  the  morning  after  the  feast. 
1)  to  attend. 

e  (C)  "  Plant  the  cherry  tree  for  me." 

1)  thank-offering;  2)  commemoration;  3)  to  fulfill  the  vow. 

f  The  cherry  tree  blossomed  for  two  hundred  and  fifty-four  years  on 
the  anniversary  of  the  nurse's  death. 
1)  to  flourish;  2)  to  blossom;  3)  nipple;  4)  to  bedew;  5)  Ubazakura. 


172  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


52.— MUJINA 

a  There  is  an  avoided  slope  in  Tokyo. 

1)  Akasaka;  2)  Tokyo;   3)  Kii;  4)  moat;   5)  lofty;  6)  street-lamp; 
7)  jinrikisha;  8)  belated;  9)  pedestrian;  10)  Mujina. 

b  An  old  man  saw  the  Mujina. 

c  He  stopped  to  assist  a  weeping  woman. 

1)  to  crouch;  2)  to  drown;  3)  graceful;  4)  slight. 

d  (C)  "Let  me  assist  you." 

1)  to  hide;  2)  sleeve;  3)  to  implore. 

e  She  showed  him  while  he  spoke  a  face  without  features. 
1)  to  moan;  2)  to  sob;  3)  to  plead;  4)  to  stroke. 

f  He  ran  to  the  feet  of  a  pancake-seller. 
1)  lantern;  2)  gleam;  3)  firefly;  4)  itinerant;  5)  to  fling. 

g  (C)  "What  ails  you?"  and  he  showed  a  face  like  an  egg. 
1)  to  pant;  2)  to  query;  3)  to  gasp;  4)  egg. 

53.— YUKI-ONNA 

a  Mosaku  and  Minokichi  had  to  reach  home  by  a  boat. 

1)  woodcutter;  2)  apprentice;  3)  ferry;  4)  flood;  5)  current. 

b  One  evening  they  were  forced  to  take  shelter  in  a  miserable  hut 
beside  the  river. 
1)  snowstorm;  2)  shelter;  3)  brazier;  4)  straw  rain-coat. 

c  Minokichi  lay  awake  for  a  time  listening  to  the  storm. 
1)  slashing;  2)  to  sway;  3)  to  creak;  4)  junk;  5)  to  shiver. 

d  The  white  woman  breathed  over  Mosaku,  and  bending  over  Mino- 
kichi, said  she  spared  him  only  on  condition  that  he  would  never 
mention  it  to  any  one. 
1)  showering;  2)  to  force  open;  3)  snow-light;  4)  to  blow;  5)  smoke; 
6)  to  stoop. 

e  Minokichi  looked  out  of  the  door  after  the  woman,  and  then  found 
that  Mosaku  was  dead. 
1)  to  drive;  2)  hut;  3)  billet;  4)  ice;  5)  stark. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  173 

f  It  took  long  for  Minokichi  to  convalesce,  but  he  said  nothing  of  the 
vision,  and  returned  to  his  calling. 
1)  ferrjrman;  2)  senseless;  3)  to  freeze;  4)  to  come  to;  5)  nightfall; 
6)  bundle. 

g  Snow  pleased  him  and  his  mother  so  much  that  she  became  the 
"  honorable  daughter-in-law. " 
1)  to  overtake;    2)  greeting;    3)  song-bird;    4)  Yedo;    5)  to  charm; 

6)  to  betroth;  7)  widowed;  8)  shy;  9)  fancy. 

h  Snow  won  the  love  of  her  mother-in-law,  and  bore  a  large  family. 
1)  affection;  2)  fair. 

i  Snow  kept  her  youth. 
1)  peasant- woman;  2)  country-folk;  3)  to  age;  4)  fresh. 

j  (C)  "  To  see  you  sewing  reminds  me  of  something." 
1)  lamp. 

k  (C)  ^'What?" 
1)  to  Uft. 

1  He  told  her  of  the  night  in  the  hut. 
1)  silent;  2)  Woman  of  the  Snow. 

m  (C)  "  It  was  I,  and  only  these  children  save  your  life. 
1)  to  fling  down;  2)  to  shriek. 

n  She  disappeared. 

1)  thin;   2)  wind;   3)  to  melt;   4)  mist;   5)  to  spire;   6)  roof-beam; 

7)  to  shudder  away;  8)  smoke-hole. 


54.— JIU-ROKU-ZAKURA 

a  A  cherry  tree  in  the  province  of  lyo  blooms  on  the  sixteenth  day  of 
the  first  month. 
1)  to  bloom;  2)  ghost. 

b  When  the  tree  died,  it  was  the  only  thing  the  old  man  had  to  love. 
1)  samurai;  2)  to  flower;  3)  strip;  4)  to  wither. 

c  His  joy  in  the  new  tree  was  only  pretended. 
1)  to  plant;  2)  to  comfort;  3)  pain. 


174  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

d  He  suicided  in  order  to  give  life  to  the  tree. 
1)  Migawari  Ni  Tatsu;  2)  divers;  3)  harakiri. 

e  The  tree  still  blooms. 
1)  snow. 

55.— RIKI-BAKA 

a  I  was  forced  to  drive  Riki-Baka  away  on  account  of  his  noise 

1)  childhood;  2)  mosquito-curtain;  3)  to  clap;  4)  broomstick;  5)  peal; 
6)  submissively;  7)  to  trail;  8)  chicken. 

b  (C)  "I  asked  a  woodcutter." 
1)  woodcutter;  2)  fuel;  3)  bundle. 

c  (C)  "He  is  dead." 

d  (C)  "His  mother  wrote  on  his  hand,  and  prayed  for  a  re-birth." 
1)  palm;  2)  kana. 

e  (C)  "  A  child  was  bom  three  months  ago." 
1)  honorable;  2)  visible. 

f  (C)  "The  people  were  angry  and  asked  where  Riki  was  buried." 
1)  vegetable-seller;  2)  to  bury;  3)  clay. 

g  (C)  "They  took  the  clay." 

1)  graveyard;  2)  to  wrap;  3)  square. 

h  (C)  "To  nib  the  skin  is  the  only  way  to  remove  those  characters." 
1)  former. 

56.— THE  STORY  OF  AOYAGI 

a  On  his  way  to  Kyoto,  Tomotada  was  saved  from  the  storm  by  the 
timely  appearance  of  a  cottage. 
1)  samurai;  2)  daimyo;  3)  settlement;  4)  halting-place;  5)  to  thatch; 
6)  summit. 

b  He  forgot  his  meal  in  his  admiration  of  the  girl,  and  carried  her  off 
to  make  her  his  wife. 
1)  bamboo  splint;  2)  coarse;  3)  to  bewitch;  4)  grateful. 

c  Aoyagi  was  discovered,  and  when  she  was  in  prison  Tomotada  wrote 
her  a  poem. 
1)  consent;  2)  curious;  3)  palace. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  175 

d  He  expected  the  death  sentence. 

1)  Hosowaka;  2)  to  usher  in;  3)  presence-room;  4)  dais;  5)  prelude; 
6)  kindly. 

8  (C)  "I  authorize  your  marriage." 
1)  lieu;  2)  Lord  of  Noto;  3)  wedding. 

f  The  wedding  was  splendid. 
1)  sliding-screen;  2)  apartment;  3)  dignitary. 

g  After  five  years  of  happiness,  Aoyagi  one  day  suddenly  cried  out, 
while  Tomotada  tried  to  calm  her,  (C)  "We  will  meet  again,  but  I 
die  now." 
1)  household;  2)  feeble;  3)  Karma-relation;  4)  existence;  5)  unwell; 
6)  sap. 

h  As  her  husband  sprang  forward,  on  the  floor  lay  only  her  empty 
robes. 
1)  to  collapse;  2)  matting;  3)  empty. 

i  The  wandering  priest  found  three  wdllow  stumps. 
1)  to  shave;  2)  Buddhist;  3)  itinerant;  4)  province;  5)  soul. 

j  He  erected  a  memorial  tomb. 
1)  to  inscribe;  2)  divers;  3)  rite. 


57.— THE  LEGEND  OF  HORSESHOE  FALLS 

a  An  Indian  maiden  resolved  to  die. 

1)  hideous;  2)  Sachem;  3)  desperation;  4)  Niagara;  5)  arm. 

b  Hinun  flew  to  her  rescue. 

1)  deity;  2)  to  dwell;  3)  to  run;  4)  launching;  5)  canoe;  6)  frail;  7)  to 
dash. 

c  She  learned  many  things  from  Hinun. 

1)  busy;  2)  to  coil  up;  3)  lair;  4)  to  poison;  5)  to  crave. 

d  At  the  death  of  the  suitor,  Hinun  sent  the  maiden  home. 
1)  ugly;  2)  to  bid. 

e  Hinun  killed  the  serpent  w^hen  it  followed  the  Indians. 

1)  to  break  up;  2)  to  prevail;  3)  cunning;  4)  to  outwit;  5)  to  drag; 
6)  to  launch. 


176  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

f  The  breaking  of  the  rocks  beneath  the  serpent  caused  the  falls. 
1)  enormous;  2)  flight;  3)  mountain;  4)  to  be  become  wedged;  5)  to 
press  on. 


58.— WHY  THE  BEAR  HAS  NO  TAIL 

a  A  fox  duped  a  fisherman  out  of  a  mess  of  fish. 

1)  ruse;  2)  delicacy;  3)  to  feign;  4)  preserving;  5)  trick;  6)  slyly. 

b  The  wolf  was  unable  to  apply  the  fox^s  methods. 
1)  to  secure;  2)  business  method;  3)  mess. 

c  Forced  by  the  appearances,  the  fox  gave  the  bear  a  new  prescription. 
1)  to  settle  scores;  2)  Bruin;  3)  fortune;  4)  to  make  no  bones;  5)  to 
shake  one's  faith;  6)  to  be  at  no  pains;  7)  Renard;  8)  to  nettle; 
9)  to  concoct. 

d  The  bear  lost  his  tail,  just  when  he  thought  the  fishing  had  begun. 
1)  fish-fry;  2)  to  nibble;  3)  twitch;  4)  jerk;  5)  snapping  ofif. 


59.— THE  LOVE  OF  KNOWLEDGE 

a  The  sons  of  Ethelwulf  were  slow  to  learn  letters. 
1)  Saxon;  2)  tutor;  3)  to  profit. 

b  The  queen  brought  about  a  change  of  mind. 

1)  Provence;  2)  sorely;  3)  devoid;  4)  to  cast  about;  5)  hawking; 

6)  cheerless;  7)  step-dame. 

c  She  promised  the  beautifully  illuminated  book  to  the  boy  who  could 
first  read  it. 
1)  rose-colored;  2)  bullion;  3)  to  clasp;  4)  vellum;  5)  illumination; 

7)  margin. 

d  Only  Alfred  asked  for  the  volume. 
1)  to  hang  one's  head;  2)  indolent. 

e  In  a  short  time  he  came  to  claim  the  prize. 
1)  rudiments.  ■^'^ 

f  Alfred  became  one  of  the  most  learned  of  kings. 
1)  reign;  2)  proficiency;  3)  acquirement. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  177 


60.— BURNT  CAKES 

a  Just  at  evening  Alfred  met  the  neatherd. 

1)  Saxon;  2)  Dane;  3)  Chippenham;  4)  to  bewilder;  5)  marsh;  6)  dole- 
ful; 7)  quag;  8)  miry;  9)  neatherd;  10)  to  house. 

b  Alfred  discovered  his  identity  to  the  hospitable  old  man,  but  not  tc 
the  latter's  wiie. 
1)  plight;  2)  shieling;  3)  incognito;  4)  shrew;  5)  to  begrudge;  6)  fare; 

7)  stingily;  8)  meek;  9)  Switha. 

c  When  he  was  one  day  kept  home — against  his  will — by  the  weather, 
he  burnt  the  cakes  intrusted  to  his  care. 
1)  cot;  2)  better  half;  3)  moor;  4)  virago;  5)  batch;  6)  oaten;  7)  hearth; 

8)  smell. 

d  She  promised  him  in  her  wrath  a  week  of  burnt  bread. 

1)  to  berate;  2)  tirade;  3)  amendment;  4)  soft  answer;  5)  mouthful. 

e  The  king  was  saved  from  his  penance,  and  history  is  silent  about 
after-events  in  the  life  of  the  neatherd  and  his  wife. 
1)  to  invade;  2)  white;  3)  reviling;  4)  secret. 


61.— THE  WERE-WOLF 

a  King  Edgar  emerged  into  a  rich  country  ripe  for  the  harvest. 

1)  Shropshire;  2)  ring-fence;  3)  hide;  4)  fallow;  5)  to  whiten; 
6)  golden;  7)  to  rear;  8)  plumy;  9)  stubble;  10)  to  shear;  11)  to 
wave;   12)  sickle;   13)  to  loiter. 

b  He  found  two  children  face  to  face  with  a  wolf. 

1)  shriek;  2)  to  ring  out;  3)  to  push  forward;  4)  to  frighten. 

c  Edgar's  arrow  pierced  the  wolf  just  as  he  made  ready  for  the  spring 
1)  to  glare;  2)  to  bristle;  3)  twang;  4)  to  whistle. 

d  It  was  the  were-wolf. 

1)  quarry;  2)  were-wolf;  3)  country-side. 


178  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


62.— THE  BURIAL  OF  THE  CONQUEROR 

a  Asceline  Fitz-Arthur  drew  near  the  abbey  of  St.  Stephen's. 
1)  to  repress;  2)  spire;  3)  arch;  4)  gray. 

b  A  funeral  train  was  passing  along  the  Ome. 

1)  death-knell;  2)  train;  3)  red  glare;  4)  dale;  5)  to  plume;  6)  to 
canopy;  7)  bier;  8)  dirge. 

c  The  thought  of  burying  the  Conqueror  on  his  patrimony  woke  a  res- 
olution in  Fitz-Arthur. 
1)  to  lay  away;  2)  limip;  3)  to  forbear;  4)  shadow. 

d  Hidden  behind  one  of  the  pillars,  Fitz-Arthur  watched  the  entrance 
of  the  funeral  procession. 
1)  to  shroud;  2)  regal;  3)  ducal;  4)  Normandy;  5)  diadem;  6)  velvet; 
7)  sable;  8)  taper;  9)  mourner;  10)  chancel. 

e  When  the  ceremonies  were  over,  Fitz-Arthur  cried  out,  forbidding  the 
burial. 
1)  panegjrric;  2)  to  lower;  3)  to  startle. 

f  Fitz-Arthur  was  settled  with  and,  it  is  said,  afterwards  became  the 
friend  of  Henry. 
1)  to  stand  forth;  2)  imperious;  3)  to  awe;  4)  pledge;  5)  Beauclerc; 

6)  belted;  7)  token. 

63.— THE  LEGEND  OF  TELL 

a  When  Gessler  could  not  frighten  Tell  by  word,  he  ordered  the  peas- 
ant's boy  to  be  set  in  the  market  place  that  he  might  see  a  speci- 
men of  the  father's  skill. 
1)  Altdorf ;  2)  craven;  3)  homage;  4)  to  storm  at;  5)  Burglen;  6)  to 
gleam;  7)  malevolently. 

b  Tell  learned  from  the  tyrant  the  conditions  under  which  he  was  to 
shoot,  and  the  penalty  if  he  refused. 
1)  sardonic;  2)  to  cleave;  3)  hoarse. 

c  A  crowd  gathered  round,  and  in  its  midst  Tellnerved  himself  for  the 
trial  by  prayer. 
1)  bow-shot;  2)  pinion;  3)  quiver;  4)  to  sling;  5)  girdle;  6)  to  swim; 

7)  energy. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  179 

d  A  woman  announced  the  result. 

1)  to  thrill;  2)  shaft;  3)  twang;  4)  bow-string;  5)  to  answer. 

e  Tell  told  Gessler  the  purpose  of  the  second  arrow. 
1)  to  fold. 

64.— A  MOTHER'S  PRAYER 

a  Margaret  and  Edward  came  to  an  open  space  in  the  forest. 

1)  Northampton;  2)  Lancastrian;  3)  Yorkist;  4)  Hexham;  5)  glow- 
worm; 6)  star;  7)  to  glitter;  8)  shadowy;  9)  murmur. 

b  Margaret's  terror  was  lightened  by  the  absence  of  the  badge  of  York. 
1)  spaniel;  2)  gigantic;   3)  to  menace;  4)  forester;   5)  hostile;   6)  to 
plume. 

c  The  prince  clung  to  his  mother. 
1)  to  cling. 

d  The  queen  intrusted  the  prince  to  the  generosity  of  the  man. 
1)  by  the  hand. 

e  When  he  learnt  that  the  queen  knew  him,  the  robber  promised  a 
place  of  safety. 
I)  to  conduct. 

f  He  fulfilled  his  promise. 
1)  fern;  2)  bramble;  3)  Scotland;  4)  presence. 


65.— A  STRANGE  HOG 

a  Three  men  disappeared  mysteriously. 

1)  confine;    2)  Savannah;    3)  to  relieve;    4)  guard;    5)  to  ambush^ 
6)  to  desert;  7)  to  ruminate;  8)  preternatural;  9)   to  apprise. 

b  Upon  one  man's  demur,  the  colonel  called  for  a  volunteer. 
1)  to  tremble;  2)  credit. 

c  The  volunteer  announced  his  programme. 

1)  ranks;  2)  to  command;  3)  to  chatter;  4)  musket. 

d  He  was  left,  and  his  anxious  and  admiring  comrades  waited. 
1)  ambiguous;  2)  foreboding;  3)  guard-house. 


180  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  At  the  signal  they  returned  to  see  another  man  in  the  hands  of  the 
sentinel. 
1)  rack;  2)  on  the  instant;  3)  to  drag;  4)  hair. 

f  The  soldier  narrated  the  strange  maneuvers  of  the  hog. 
1)  rustling;  2)  to  crawl;  3)  intense;  4)  thicket;  5)  coppice;  6)  groan; 
7)  tomahawk. 

66.— WOODEN  MEN 

a  The  sergeant  and  his  men  met  a  company  of  Indians  who  professed 
great  devotion  to  the  American  cause. 
1)  wilderness;  2)  amicable;  3)  to  gratify;  4)  favorable. 

b  When  they  had  proceeded  some  distance,  the  sergeant  warned  his 
men  of  their  danger. 
1)  to  halt;  2)  utmost;  3)  inveterate;  4)  to  lull. 

c  The  men  prepared  themselves  for  attack,  but  saw  no  sign  of  the 
enemy  till  near  midnight. 
1)  to  cover;  2)  to  fell;  3)  dummy;  4)  repose. 

d  When  one  after  another,  and  finally  the  whole  band  of  Indians,  ap- 
peared, the  men  restrained  their  fire  only  because  of  the  plan  of  the 
sergeant. 
1)  glimmering;  2)  tiptoe;  3)  cautiously;  4)  greedily;  5)  formidable. 

e  The  triumphant  savages  were  shot  down. 
1)  suspense;  2)  war-whoop;  3)  tomahawk. 

67.— YANKEE  DOODLE 

a  The  American  colonies  voted  troops  to  assist  in  the  attack  on 
Canada. 
1)  ministry;  2)  quota. 

b  These  troops  were  a  motley  mob. 

1)  motley;  2)  ragged;  3)  Sir  John  Falstaff;  4)  facetious;  5)  gravity; 
6)  anchorite;  7)  rainbow;  8)  to  crop;  9)  accouterment; 
10)  agone;  11)  tout  ensemble. 

c  Shackburg  invented  "Yankee  Doodle,"  littW  dreaming  how  much 
chagrin  it  would  one  day  cause  the  British. 
1)  wit;     2)  Brother    Jonathan;     3)  martial;    4)  levity;     5)  ridicule; 
6)  lines. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  181 


68.— THE  LAST  FIGHT  IN  THE  COLISEUM 

a  There  was  an  intemiption  to  the  shouts  of  ecstasy  that  greeted  the 
gladiatorial  contest  which  crowned  the  triumph. 
1)  Stilicho;  2)  Goth;  3)  PoUentia;  4)  under  way;  5)  to  enchant. 

b  The  mob  called  to  the  pious  old  man  to  leave  off  his  Christian 
twaddle. 
1)  arena;  2)  to  requite;  3)  howL 

c  His  second  attempt  met  a  like  response. 

1)  meddler;  2)  to  hold  apart;  3)  Aljrpius,  the  Prefect. 

d  When  he  lay  dead,  the  mob  came  to  its  senses. 
1)  to  enrage;  2)  to  cut  down;  3)  to  rain;  4)  stark. 

e  He  had  stopped  the  gladiatorial  fights. 

1)  tomb;  2)  Alymachus;  3)  Telemachus;  4)  to  slaughter;  5)  hermit. 


69.— AT  THE  PRAYER  OF  THE  QUEEN 

a  The  governor  refused  the  unconditional  surrender  which  the  king 
wished  to  force  on  the  starved  inhabitants. 
1)  Calais;    2)  to   withstand;    3)  Edward  of  England;    4)  Philip   of 
France;  5)  banner;  6)  unconditional;  7)  to  jeopardize. 

b  The  king  changed  his  terms. 

1)  herald;  2)  clemency;  3)  townsman;  4)  halter;  5)  obstinacy. 

c  In  the  midst  of  the  weeping  citizens  one  offered  himself  as  victim. 
1)  hard;  2)  market  place;  3)  town-hall;  4)  Messieurs;  5)  trust. 

d  The  governor  delivered  up  to  the  messenger  of  the  king  Eustache  de 
St.  Pierre  and  his  five  companions. 
1)  burgher;  2)  barefoot. 

e  When  the  prayers  of  the  barons  failed  to  waken  the  king,  the  queen 
knelt  to  pray  for  them. 
1)  venerable;    2)  implacable;    3)  execution;    4)  to  stain;    5)  heads- 
man; 6)  to  stream;  7)  mercy. 

f  The  king  yielded. 
1)  tear-stained;  2)  to  harden;  3)  to  stir;  4)  noble. 


182  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


70.— A  CONVICT  BY  CHOICE 

a  Abb6  de  Paul's  charity  won  him  the  place  of  almoner-general. 
1)  Count  dejoigni;  2)  to  go  the  rounds;  3)  fiendish;  4)  to  minister. 

b  The  Abb4  changed  places  with  the  prisoner. 
1)  Marseilles;  2)  broken  appearance;  3)  solution. 

c  He  Hved  as  a  convict,  and  was  only  discovered  against  his  own  will. 
1)  gang;  2)  fare;  3)  hurt;  4)  pressure;  5)  to  suppress. 

d  His  whole  life  was  devoted  to  the  convicts. 

1)  precedent;  2)  chaplain;  3)  almoner;  4)  to  better. 

71.— THE  WOMEN  OF  WEINSBURG 

a  Wolf  was  given  permission  to  depart  in  safety. 

1)  strife;    2)  Guelfs  and  Ghibellines;    3)  Bavaria;    4)  Frederick  of 
Suabia;  5)  Conrad  III;  6)  siege. 
b  Wolf's  wife  asked  for  a  special  privilege. 

1)  fair;  2)  safe  conduct;  3)  garrison. 

c  The  permission  was  given,  and  the  women  came  out  with  their  hus- 
bands on  their  backs. 
1)  design;  2)  fortress;  3)  guise;  4)  heirloom;  5)  to  stagger. 

d  Conrad  appreciated,  and  rewarded  the  women's  act. 

1)  generous;  2)  to  alight;  3)  lenient;  4)  Vine  Hill;  5)  Weibertreue. 

72.— URSUS  AND  THE  BULL 

a  Rome  had  never  seen  the  equal  of  Ursus. 

1)  Lygian;  2)  to  blink;  3)  lack;  4)  vestal;  5)  Augustan;  6)  tree-trunk; 
7)  shield;  8)  Hercules. 

b  He  saw  on  the  aurochs  the  Princess  Lygia. 

1)  shrill;  2)  brazen;  3)  grating;  4)  podium;  5)  aurochs;  6)  hostage. 

c  The  man  and  beast  seemed  a  group  of  statuarj:*  so  still  amid  so  much 
exertion. 
1)  living  fire;  2)  to  fall  on;  3)  ankle;  4)  bow;  5)  Hercules;  6)  Theseus; 
7)  repose;  8)  shaggy;  9)  gigantic  ball. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  183 

d  Save  for  the  noises  from  the  lamps  and  torches,  the  arena  was  silent 
and  without  motion. 
1)  posture;  2)  crackle;  3)  torch;  4)  to  split;  5)  age;  6)  monstrous; 
7)  to  plant. 

e  A  groan  was  heard,  and  then  the  bull's  head  began  to  turn. 
1)  dull  roar;  2)  to  wrest;  3)  iron;  4)  purple;  5)  to  rally;  6)  remnant. 

f  The  groan  grew  louder,  and  the  bull's  head  turned  farther. 
1)  to  mingle;  2)  to  whistle;  3)  to  foam. 

g  A  moment  more  it  lasted. 
1)  crack;  2)  to  twist. 

h  The  giant  freed  the  girl,  and  then  began  to  show  signs  of  exhaustion. 
1)  in  a  twinkle;  2)  sweat;  3)  to  flood;  4)  spectator. 

i  The  maiden's  Hfe  was  saved. 
1)  to  go  wild. 


73.— THE  FIGHT  OF  THE  GLADIATORS 

a  Lanio,  heavily  armed,  and  Calendio,  wholly  unprotected,  stood  face 
to  face. 
1)  mail;  2)  ridge;  3)  beetle;  4)  loins;  5)  trident. 

b  Calendio  followed  the  retreating  Gaul,  singing  his  song. 
1)  visor;  2)  retiarius;  3)  to  circle;  4)  statuesque;  5)  to  wave. 

c  They  played  with  one  another,  with  no  result. 

1)  huge;  2)  to  encase;  3)  bronze;  4)  three-pronged;  5)  to  quiver;  6)  ill 
omen;  7)  masterly. 

d  The  retiarius  tricked  the  Gaul,  and  threw  him  to  earth  after  more 
play. 
1)  precision;  2)  edge;  3)  to  feign;  4)  to  wield;  5)  to  bring  to  earth. 

e  Entangled  and  stabbed,  the  Gaul  lay  beneath  the  trident. 

1)  in  a  twinkle;  2)  mesh;  3)  to  entangle;  4)  stab;  5)  to  press;  6)  handle- 

f  At  Caesar's  signal,  Calendio  dispatched  the  Gaul. 
1)  thumb;  2)  breast;  3)  armor;  4)  three-edged  blade. 


184  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


74.— THE  SEJAN  STEED 

a  The  Sejan  steed  and  Paulus  Aemilius  Lepidus  stood  side  by  side  in 
the  arena. 
1)  sire;  2)  to  mangle;  3)  groom;  4)  to  muzzle;  5)  thong;  6)  greave; 
7)  housing. 

b  At  the  sound  of  the  trumpet,  Paulus  prepared  himself  for  the  contest. 
1)  truncheon;  2)  to  sheath;  3)  bronze;  4)  to  thrust;  5)  stave. 

c  After  he  had  mounted  and  made  ready,  he  signaled  the  grooms  to  let 
loose  the  horse. 
1)  to  spring;  2)  to  carry;  3)  to  blaze. 

d  The  audience  cheered  the  youth's  agiUty  in  mounting  and  descending. 
1)  to  rear;  2)  to  paw;  3)  hither;  4)  crash;  5)  thud;  6)  to  dart;  7)  to 
greet;  8)  feat. 

e  Overcome  and  guided  by  the  torches,  the  horse  circled  the  arena 
and  finally  rushed  away  into  the  open  country. 
1)  fell;  2)  to  writhe;  3)  catamount;  4)  to  lash  out;  5)  to  tread;  6)  to 
flow;  7)  to  fleck;  8)  storm-beaten. 

f  At  sunset  the  youth  returned  with  the  conquered  horse  to  receive  the 
applause  of  the  spectators  and  the  thanks  of  the  slave. 
1)   level;  2)  shield;   3)  to  silhouette;  4)  head-gear;  5)  golden  flames. 


75.— THE  PASSING  OF  THE  VETERAN 

a  Kehoe  soon  knew  that  the  enemy  were  aware  of  his  weakness. 

1)  scrimmage;  2)  furtive;  3)  a-quiver;  4)  streak;  5)  bark;  6)  ava- 
lanche; 7)  to  crumple;  8)  to  writhe;  9)  lithe;  10)  to  paralyze. 

b  The  cruel  failure  of  that  season  flashed  through  his  mind. 

1)  vivid;  2)  fragment;  3)  grasp;  4)  vigorous;  5)  momentum;  6)  with 
thumbs  down;  7)  verdict. 

0  He  resolved  to  stop  the  blue  line,  but  it  rolled  on. 

1)  idol;  2)  to  hurl;  3)  pack  of  wolves;  4)  hungry;  5)  to  welt;  7)  to 
sting;  8)  threat. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  185 

d  He  awoke  to  a  cry  for  Cochran  that  almost  thrust  him  to  earth. 
1)  to  emerge;  2)  roar;  3)  fiendish;  4)  to  hurtle;  5)  to  hammer;  6)  to 
vent;  7)  frenzy;  8)  to  convulse;  9)  livid;  10)  to  distort. 

6  He  caught  sight  of  Cochran  on  the  side-lines,  and  determined  to  give 
up  in  his  favor. 
1)  to  still;  2)  hazy;  3)  drone;  4)  to  crouch;  5)  hawk;  6)  to  dilate;  7)  to 
pulsate;   8)   tense;   9)   taut-corded;    10)   to   quiver;    11)   tiger; 
12)  futile;  13)  renunciation;  14)  thrill. 

f  (C)  He  called  time,  telling  the  referee  simply  that  he  was  going  out, 
and  called  in  Cochran. 
1)  sharp;  2)  lump;  3)  to  burst.  \ 

g  Cochran  was  greeted  with  applause. 
1)  to  bound;  2)  to  leash;  3)  tumult. 

h  A  tear  rolled  down  Kehoe's  cheek. 

1)  to  trickle;  2)  silver;  3)  to  corrode;  4)  zigzag;  5)  grime;  6)  wonder„ 

i  He  stood  up,  throwing  off  the  momentary  softness. 
1)  to  scramble;  2)  to  streak;  3)  visage. 

j  Cochran  had  made  a  gain. 
1)  to  paw;  2)  to  pounce. 

k  Kehoe  won  the  game. 

76.— WHEN  THE  ICE  BROKE 

a  One  day,  when  the  ice  had  been  running  down  the  river  for  a  week,  a 
boy  announced  to  two  foundry-men  that  a  woman  was  being  car- 
ried away  on  a  floe. 
1)  berg;  2)  Skerret's  Point. 

b  The  men,  standing  on  the  bank,  saw  the  dark  object  drifting  farther 
and  farther  away. 
1)  Dick  Wade;  2)  Bill  Tarbox;  3)  hemlock-crested;  4)  leaden-green; 
5)  to  wrinkle;  6)  gray. 

c  They  took  the  skiff. 

1)  crazy;  2)  wobbly;  3)  boat-hook. 

d  Their  progress  was  for  the  most  part  slow. 
1)  lead;  2)  porridge;  3)  brash;  4)  to  baffle. 


186  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  Despite  the  perilous  condition  of  their  boat,  they  went  right  on. 
1)  stem;  2)  to  nip;  3)  to  ooze  in;  4)  crackling;  5)  crunching;  6)  to 
urge  on. 

f  The  condition  of  the  ice  and  the  position  of  the  figure  warned  them 
to  hurry. 
1)  to  cleave;  cj  weary. 

g  The  mist  made  steering  hard. 

1)  snow-dust;  2)  squall;  3)  curtain;  4)  glimpse;  5)  to  roar. 

h  In  the  re-appearing  light  they  reached,  and  saved  the  woman. 

1)  to  cut  in;  2)  snow-flurry;  3)  luminous;  4)  to  part;  5)  to  resuscitate. 

77.— A  BUMPING  RACE 

a  The  Cantabs  have  a  way  of  their  own  of  racing. 
1)  Cam;  2)  canal. 

b  The  Caius  men  came  on  rowing  leisurely. 

i)  flash;  2)  to  bend  to;  3)  "cortege";  4)  "Reach";  5)  leisurely. 

c  Amid  the  shouts  of  partisans,  Trinity  forced  Caius  to  spurt. 
1)  magical;  2)  nightmare;  3)  to  overhaul;  4)  shiver. 

d  Trinity  came  so  near  the  foe  that  her  partisans  raised  the  shout  of 
victory. 
1)  vain;  2)  slashing;  3)  exultant. 

e  The  Caius  steersman  saved  his  boat. 
1)  rudder;  2)  to  fall  off;  3)  to  overlap. 

f  After  escaping  a  second  time,  Caius  was  driven  to  the  further  bank 
and  bumped. 
1)  to  hail;  2)  dexterous;  3)  to  baffle;  4)  coxswain;  5)  to  avert;  6)  to 
hoist. 

78.— THE  EASTER  BELLS  OF  FELDKIRCH 

a  The  armies  of  Napoleon  were  sweeping  along  in  a  resistless  tide. 
1)  tide;  2)  to  resist. 

b  On  Easter  morning  the  people  of  Feldkirch  awoke  to  see  above  it  the 
army  under  Massena  sent  by  Napoleon  to  reduce  the  little  town. 
1)  frontier;  2)  Austria;  3)  God-fearing;  4)  housewife;  5)  fowl;  6)  to 
encamp;  7)  file. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  187 

c  In  the  consternation,  surrender  was  suggested. 

1)  consternation;   2)  to  hurry;   3)  to  overwhelm;   4)  truce;   5)  sack. 

d  The  priest  gained  attention. 

1)  juncture;  2)  to  revere;  3)  counsel. 

e  (C)  "Let  us  trust  in  God." 
1)  distress;  2)  calamity;  3)  vast. 

f  To  the  accompaniment  of  ringing  bells,  the  people  thronged  to 
church. 
1)  sexton;  2)  to  throng;  3)  to  menace;  4)  to  interfere. 

g  The  misinformed  French  General  retired. 
1)  reenforcement;  2)  to  relieve;  3)  to  retire. 

h  The  people  thanked  God  for  their  deliverance. 
1)  to  steal  away;  2)  knee;  3)  deliverance. 

79.— THE  BELL  OF  JUSTICE 

a  The  people  hung  the  bell  in  obedience  to  the  King's  command. 
1)  realm;  2)  obedience;  3)  ceremony. 

b  (C)  "  This  bell  will  insure  justice  to  all." 
1)  treatment;  2)  magistrate;  3)  to  wrong. 

0  The  summons  of  the  bell  was  never  unanswered. 
1)  homeless;  2)  to  beat;  3)  to  succeed. 

d  A  horse  chanced  to  ring  the  bell. 

1)  to  rot  away;  2)  indolent;  3)  to  starve;  4)  to  nibble. 

e  The  magistrate,  finding  that  the  horse  had  rung  the  bell,  gave  him 
justice. 
1)  summons;  2)  distress;  3)  penalty;  4)  to  provide. 

80.— ON  THE  WAY  TO  THE  FIRE 

a  The  team  of  the  truck  were  running  away  down  a  narrow  street 
straight  for  the  water-front. 
1)  to  unsnap;    2)  to  pound  out;    3)  clatter;    4)  stampede;    5)  pulse; 
6)  well-reined;  7)  to  tear. 


188  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

b  They  sped  on  within  two  streets  of  the  water-front,  the  brakes  help- 
less to  stop  them. 
1)  ball-bearings;    2)  mighty-flanked;    3)  pillar;    4)  toboggan;  5)  to 
whip  past;  6)  to  swallow;  7)  tunnel. 

c  Brunton  climbed  forward. 

1)  nimble;  2)  turn-table;  3)  to  peer;  4)  cat;  5)  to  crouch. 

d  In  the  flash  of  a  comer-hght,  Meaghan  saw  Brunton  moving  forward 
along  the  off  horse. 
1)  lurch;  2)  corner;  3)  to  work  forward;  4)  astride;  5)  mane. 

e  After  half  a  block,  Meaghan  gave  up  hope  of  Brunton  succeeding  in 
throwing  the  horse,  and  spoke  an  order  to  Donnelly. 
1)  cavalryman;    2)  mount;    3)  filly;    4)  Percheron;    5)  feeble;    6)  to 
flow  by;  7)  slackening;  8)  to  groan. 

f  Two  shots  rang  out. 
1)  flash;  2)  echo. 

g  The  truck  jammed  into  the  tangle  of  fallen  horses. 
1)  asphalt;  2)  heap;  3)  to  jam;  4)  lurch. 

h  Meaghan  ran  forward,  caUing  for  Brunton. 
1)  to  force  down;  2)  hoarsely. 

i  He  ordered  the  men,  unbuckling  the  straps  at  his  command,  to  cut 
them. 
1)  Gallegher;  2)  lantern;  3)  flank  horse;  4)  to  tangle. 

j  Gallegher  called  his  attention  to  the  imperturbed  Brunton. 
1)  to  bleed;  2)  curb;  3)  unconcerned. 

81.— THE  HEART  OF  A  GOAT 

a  When  his  friend  Gwendoline  came  into  the  paddock,  Billy  submitted 
quietly  to  the  tyrant  Tommy  and  the  cart. 
1)  to  flood;    2)  paddock;    3)  to  pat;    4)  buckle;    5)  compensation; 
6)  docile;  7)  to  hitch. 

b  Tommy  ran  off  to  get  the  strap. 

1)  to  raise;  2)  to  discover;  3)  to  dart;  4)  to  warn. 

c  Gwendoline  disobeyed. 
1)  lustily. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  189 

d  In  liis  anxiety  to  escape  from  Tommy,  Billy,  to  his  own  grief  and 
remorse,  threw  Gwendohne  from  the  cart. 
1)  smartly;  2)  Somers  Street;  3)  gurgle;  4)  lightening;  5)  ominous; 
6)  softly;  7)  rose  pink;  8)  to  smite;  9)  safeguard. 

e  When  Billy  woke  up  to  the  danger,  he  threw  himself  at  the  onrushing 
horse. 
1)  stock  still;  2)  stricken;  3)  clatter;  4)  phaeton;  5)  to  crash  along; 
6)  engine;  7)  flutter;  8)  heap. 

f  The  hero  was  soon  forgotten. 
1)  to  bury;  2)  puppy;  3)  mound. 

82.— JUANITO'S  DREAM  GIFT 

a  By  noon  of  Easter  day  the  happy  bells  had  not  brought  much  joy  to 
Juanito. 
1)  cuarto;  2)  bull-baiting;  3)  Virgin  de  la  Esperanza;  4)  nook. 

b  Two  tourists  commented  on  the  sleeping  boy. 
1)  windfall;  2)  silver. 

c  The  gentleman  complied  with  the  lady's  suggestion. 
1)  mechanical;  2)  contact. 

d  He  dreamt  that  the  Virgin  appeared  to  him,  and  promised  him  a  gift. 
1)  ladder;  2)  rainbow;  3)  to  recompense. 

e  Awaking  from  the  joy  of  the  dream,  he  discovered  the  coin  and  ran 
for  the  Plaza  de  Toros. 
1)  petal;  2)  rose;  3)  white;  4)  peseta;  5)  bound. 

f  He  met  Chata. 
1)  Callo  San  Pablo;  2)  slip;  3)  great  black  eyes. 

g  (C)  Juanito  questioned  her,  and  learned  the  facts  of  her  mother's 
sickness. 
1)  medicine;  2)  to  toll;  3)  to  outlive. 

h  He  gave  her  his  coin,  telling  her  it  had  come  from  the  Virgin. 
1)  silent;  2)  tearful;  3)  to  vex. 

i  Chata  took  the  gift  hurriedly. 
1)  to  excite;  2)  druggist. 

j  Juanito  wondered  how  he  could  be  so  happy. 
1)  contentment;  2)  to  wonder. 


190  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


83.— THE  DWARF'S  GIFT 

a  Parpon  was  chosen  to  bear  the  petition  of  starving  Pontiac  to  tht» 
world. 
1)  to  starve;  2)  pinched;  3)  Cui€;  4)  volunteer;  5)  Quebec;  6)  Avo- 

cat;  7)  drudge. 

* 

b  The  Uttle,  uncouth  man  attracted  the  attention  of  all  passers  by. 
1)  uncouth;   2)  Picardy;   3)  Place  de  Cathedral;   4)  to  lessen;   5)  to 
loiter;  6)  to  catch  up;  7)  revolt;  8)  to  halt;  9)  to  stroll;  10)  raw; 
11)  unshapely;  12)  to  thrill. 

c  The  governor's  wife  began  to  gather  money  in  the  dwarf's  hat. 
1)  to  step;  2)  sleigh. 

d  Out  of  love  for  the  past  she  insisted  on  gathering  the  money  herself 
1)  tear;  2)  sight. 

e  He  sang  in  the  pubUc  halls  for  several  nights  amid  the  greatest  enthu- 
siasm. 
1)  dwarf;     2)  moccasin;     3)  comforter;     4)  divine;     5)  Provencal; 
6)  simple  folk. 

f  He  disappeared  from  Quebec,  to  appear  the  following  Sunday  at 
Pontiac. 
1)  St.  Savior;  2)  chancel. 

g  Parpon  gave  the  bag  to  the  priest,  and  immediately  moved  away. 
1)  to  whisper;  2)  thanksgiving;  3)  to  trot;  4)  aisle. 

h  (C)  "We  have  through  Parpon  money  enough  for  the  present  and 
shall  have  more  against  seed-time." 
1)  to  shame;  2)  seed-time;  3)  to  demand. 

i  Only  two  knew  who  had  helped  Pontiac. 
1)  to  pass;  2)  need. 


84.— THE  ORIGIN  OF  ROAST  PIG 

a  Bo-bo  burnt  the  cottage  and  litter  of  pigs  during  Ho-ti's  absence. 
1)  swineherd;   2)  wont;    3)  mast;    4)  lubberly;   5)  yonker;   6)  bun- 
dle; 7)  to  kindle;  8)  conflagration;  9)  litter. 


FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH  191 

b  While  Bo-bo  stood  in  consternation  over  the  loss,  especially  of  the 
pigs,  an  odor,  unknown  to  him,  assailed  his  nostrils. 
1)  consternation;    2)  tenement;    3)  to  wring;    4)  remnant;    5)  nos- 
trils; 6)  firebrand. 

c  He  stuck  his  burnt  fingers  in  his  mouth,  and  tasted  roast  pig. 

1)  to  stoop;  2)  booby;  3)  to  scorch;  4)  crumb;  5)  to  fumble;   6)  to 
Hck. 

d  Understanding  the  source  of  the  delicious  taste,  he  became  so  im- 
mersed in  dispatching  roast  pig  as  to  disregard  his  father's  blows. 
1)  handful;  2)  to  cram;  3)  rafter;  4)  retributive  cudgel;  5)  to  rain, 
6)  rogue;  7)  hailstone;  8)  to  engross. 

e  (C)  To  his  father's  angry  words,  Bo-bo  rephed  with  an  invitation  to 
taste  the  pig. 
1)  to  devour;  2)  to  eat  fire. 

f  The  angry  father  soon  became  a  party  to  the  offense. 
1)  to   tingle;    2)  to  rake  out;    3)  to  rend  asunder;    4)  to  thrust; 

5)  savor;  6)  ado;  7)  to  dispatch. 

g  The  secret  of  Ho-ti  and  his  son  was  discovered,  and  led  to  a  notable 
increase  of  fires  till  ovens  and  stoves  were  invented. 
1)  to  farrow;    2)  to  chastise;    3)  indulgent;    4)  to  retire;    5)  guild; 

6)  to  revive. 

85.— MR.  WINKLE'S  RIDE 

a  The  Pickwickians  were  off  on  a  jaunt,  three  in  a  chaise,  one  on  horse- 
back. 
1)  jaunt;     2)  Manor    Farm;     3)  chaise;     4)  saddle;     5)  Pickwick; 
6)  Snodgrass;  7)  Tupman;  8)  Winkle. 

o  Mr.  Snodgrass  asked  Mr.  Winkle  why  the  latter's  horse  moved  so 
strangely. 
1)  bin;  2)  to  drift. 

c  After  a  twentieth  repetition  of  his  horse's  strange  performance,  Mr. 
Pickwick  cried  out  that  he  had  lost  his  whip. 
1)  to  concentrate;  2)  to  jerk;  3)  to  tug;  4)  to  dart;  5)  maneuver. 

d  Mr.  Snodgrass  requested  the  badly  shaken  Mr.  Winkle  to  pick  up  the 
whip. 
1)  equestrian;  2)  ear;  3)  to  shake. 


192  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  Mr.  Winkle  complied  after  some  effort,  and  prepared  to  remount. 
1)  black  in  the  face;  2)  charger;  3)  to  dismount. 

f  For  some  reason,  not  known,  the  horse  pulled  as  far  from  Mr.  Winkle 
as  possible. 
1)  plajTfulness;    2)  innocent;    3)  to  perform  a  journey;    4)  definite; 
5)  to  actuate. 

g  Being  unable,  despite  his  flattery,  to  approach  the  horse,  Mr.  Winkle, 
after  ten  minutes,  applied  to  Mr.  Pickwick  for  help. 
1)  soothingly;   2)  to  be  proof  against;   3)  to  sidle  away;  4)  coaxing; 
5)  wheedling. 

h  Mr.  Pickwick  responded. 
1)  impersonation;  2)  hedge. 

i  The  surprised  Messrs.  Winkle  and  Pickwick  were  roused  from  their 
stupefaction  by  a  noise  at  a  little  distance. 
1)  refractory;  2)  retrograde;  3)  to  wrench  out;  4)  blank. 

j  (C)  "The  other  horsel" 
1)  agonized. 

k  The  desertion  of  their  steeds  and  the  destruction  of  their  vehicle  left 
the  Pickwickians  to  journey  to  their  destination  on  foot. 
1)  heat;  2)  to  dash;  3)  wooden;  4)  perch;  5)  stock  still;  6)  to  trudge. 


86.— THE  FESTIVAL  OF  THE  GUILLOTINE 

a  The  multitude  moved  towards  the  Rue  St.  Honore  and  the  approach- 
ing gendarmes. 
1)  eddying;  2)  gendarme;  3)  alanmi;  4)  squadron. 

b  In  the  midst  of  the  squadron  was  the  carriage,  and  beside  the  car- 
riage Santerre. 
1)  miserable;  2)  to  horse;  3)  postilion;  4)  cockade;  5)  notorious, 

c  The  king  could  be  seen  in  the  carriage. 
1)  to  press  close;  2)  glimpse;  3)  plaster.     ,_ 

d  On  arriving  at  the  scaffold,  the  king  showed  a  disinehnation  to  losioiQ 
his  coat  and  to  being  bound. 
1)  to  shriek;  2)  fist;  3)  to  retreat. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  193 

e  At  the  sight  of  the  crucifix,  the  king  submitted,  and  the  mob  grew 
silent. 
1)  to  exhort;  2)  cravat;  3)  execration. 

f  The  king  proclaimed  his  innocence. 
1)  to  fringe;  2)  to  threaten. 

g  At  the  demonstration  by  Santerre,  the  drums  drowned  the  king's 
voice. 
1)  to  rear;  2)  rattle. 

h  The  executioner  threw  the  king  along  the  plank. 
1)  arm;  2)  guillotine;  3)  block. 

i  In  an  instant  the  knife  did  its  work. 
1)  to  crouch;  2)  lightning;  3)  hawk;  4)  to  pounce;  5)  groove;  6)  to 
quiver;  7)  pallid;  8)  ruddy;  9)  to  topple;   10)  to  gush  forth. 

j  The  headsman  held  up  the  head  for  further  ignominy. 
1)  headsman;  2)  a-flutter;  3)  dumb;  4)  to  resound;  S)  slap. 

k  A  scene  of  blood-madness  followed. 

1)  "Vive  la  Nation";   2)  hoarse;   3)  to  fling  one's  self;   4)  to  hurl; 

5)  basket;  6)  to  smear;  7)  to  spatter;  8)  to  roar  out. 

87.— A  RIDE  WITH  A  PANTHER 

a  The  quickness  with  which  the  woman  drew  near  to  me  puzzled  me. 
1)  bottom;  2)  campaign;  3)  to  scream;  4)  lustily;  5)  to  puzzle. 

b  The  panther  understood  that  I  had  discovered  him. 

1)  to  grin;  2)  to  call  up;  3)  to  give  head;  4)  to  bolt;  5)  to  ease  on  a 
horse;  6)  ruse;  7)  to  snarl. 

c  I  was  in  terror  of  being  passed,  and  showed  it  by  a  yell  which  dis- 
covered the  whereabouts  of  the  panther. 
1)  to  out-travel;   2)  to  chill;   3)  to  rake  off;   4)  to  overhang;   5)  to 
answer. 

d  As  we  raced  down  the  hill,  I  could  distinguish  the  panther. 
1)  fairly;  2)  climb;  3)  shadow;  4)  greenish;  5)  coal. 

e  The  horse  slackened  on  the  ascent. 

1)  to  sweep  across;  2)  hollow;  3)  to  slacken;  4)  pitch;  5)  to  heave; 

6)  foam. 


194  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

f  Losing  his  hold  on  my  foot,  he  leaped  on  the  horse's  flanks  to  my 
terror. 
1)  to  circle;  2)  to  lunge;  3)  claw;  4)  haunch;  5)  shrilly;  6)  to  par- 
aljze;  7)  to  chatter;  8)  to  blaze. 

g  At  the  end  of  that  eternity  of  helpless  terror,  the  horse  freed  hinu^lf 
from  the  panther. 
1)  weapon;  2)  shrill;  3)  to  enrage;  4)  gash, 

h  The  last  kick  ended  the  battle. 
1)  to  grumble;  2)  sulkily. 

i  I  had  to  be  helped  from  the  horse. 
1)  unstrung;  2)  limp. 

88.— AN  AUTOBIOGRAPHY 

a  (C)  "My  first  recollections  are  of  a  mine." 

1)  St.  Mary's;  2)  Little  Sweet  Voice;  3)  belfry;  4)  to  stray  5)  wet; 
6)  hanging  ceiling;  7)  timber;  8)  gallery;  9)  niche;  10)  flicker- 
ing; 11)  goblin;  12)  to  bump. 

b  (C)  "  I  next  stopped  on  a  pile  of  ore-rock." 

1)  stage;     2)  to    blind;     3)  to    heave;     4)  newcomer;     5)  shoulder; 

6)  sharpness. 

c  (C)  "At  the  next  stage  of  my  travels,  I  received  a  warm  reception." 
1)  furnace;   2)  agony;  3)  to  relax;  4)  to  shrivel;   5)  scale;   6)  livid; 

7)  dipper. 

d  (C)  "I  have  suffered  from  rheumatism  ever  since." 
1)  delicious;  2)  torment;  3)  cramping;  4)  to  straighten. 

«  (C)  "  I  made  a  rough  journey." 

1)  broad-wheeled;  2)  to  puff;  3)  to  stumble;  4)  rutty. 

f  (C)  "I  was  jolted  into  position." 
1)  block  and  tackle;  2)  to  settle;  3)  lifting  engine. 

g  (C)  "  I  have  called  out  men  to  three  wars." 
V      1)  thrill;  2)  to  toU;  3)  cheerful. 

h  (C)  "  I  releamt  the  gay  tunes,  and  have  never  lost  the  sweetness  of 
my  voice." 
1)  peal;  2)  hallelujah;  3)  melody;  4)  caroler;  5)  pelt;  6)  to  crack. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  195 

i  He  tried  a  measure,  and  called  Sweet  Voice's  attention  to  his  tone. 
1)  round;  2)  brass;  3)  throat. 

j  The  silence  of  the  smaller  bell  drew  from  him  a  condemnation  of  the 
younger  generation. 
1)  garrulous;  2)  clang. 


89.— HOW  THE  CHARTER  WAS  SAVED 

a  For  a  year  Sir  Edmund  Andros  attempted  to  wrest  their  liberties 
from  the  Colonies. 
1)  James  H;  2)  determined  effort;  3)  charter  rights;  4)  to  disdain; 
5)  to  exert  authority;  6)  patent. 

b  After  a  long  argument  during  the  session  of  the  Connecticut  assem- 
bly, the  Governor  at  last  had  the  Charter  laid  before  Sir  Edmund. 
1)  to  make  a  stand;  2)   session;  3)  body-guard;  4)  peremptorily; 
5)  Governor  Treat;  6)  presiding  officer;  7)  to  waste  hours;  8)  tal- 
low;  9)    colonial;    10)    to   deepen  into   rage;    11)   reluctant; 
12)  parchment. 

C  At  that  moment  the  room  was  thrown  into  darkness. 
1)  critical;  2)  diversion;  3)  important;  4)  deftly;  5)  circle. 

d  Amid  the  general  confusion  the  Governor  cried  out  in  indignation, 
1)  to  ensue;  2)  lusty  cheer;  3)  treachery;  4)  at  work. 

e  When  the  candles  were  Hghted,  the  box  was  found  empty. 

1)  to  elapse;  2)  to  shed  a  feeble  light;  3)  glow;  4)  blank  astonishment. 

f  A  man  had  passed  through  the  crowd  and  out  of  the  open  window, 
crying  out  to  those  without  that  he  had  the  Charter. 
1)  lane;  2)  sash. 

g  While  Sir  Andros  raged,  the  man  hid  the  Charter. 

1)  throng;  2)  to  fume;  3)  imposing;  4)  cavity;  5)  to  thrust;  6)  packet; 
7)  debris. 

h  The  man  was  Captain  Joseph  Wadsworth. 
1)  tradition;  2)  daring  patriot;  3)  to  play  a  part. 

i  The  Charter  Oak  feU  in  1856. 
1)  Hartford;  2)  to  venerate;  3)  tempest;  4)  decay. 


196  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

90.— THE  PICKWICKIANS  ON  THE  ICE 

a  Mr.  Pickwick  and  his  friends  retired  to  the  pond,  where  Bob  Sawyer 
was  soon  performing  mystic  evolutions,  while  Mr.  Winkle  strug- 
gled with  his  skates. 
1)  to  betake  one's  self;  2)  dexterity;  3)  gimlet;  4)  to  complicate. 

b  Mr.  Winkle  was  assisted  by  Sam  Weller,  to  whom  he  made  several 
rather  commonplace  observations  about  the  ice. 
1)  to  clutch;  2)  to  drown;  3)  slippery;  4)  uncommon;  5)  frantic  desire. 

c  (C)  Mr.  Winkle  exchanged  several  remarks  with  Sam,  and  made  sev- 
eral requests  for  assistance,  while  Mr.  Pickwick  encouraged  from 
afar. 
1)  awkward;  2)  to  stagger;  3)  anxiety;  4)  ghastly;  5)  fast. 

d  His  assistant  was  called  away  from  the  struggHng  Winkle. 

1)  to  stoop  forward;  2)  to  double  up;  3)  un-swanlike;  4)  "governor." 

e  Mr.  Weller's  parting  shove  led  to  disastrous  results. 

1)  to  disengage;  2)  agonized;  3)  impetus;  4)  unhappy  mortal;  5)  to 
bear  down;  6)  a  flourish  of  unparalleled  beauty;  7)  spasmodic; 

8)  to  depict;  9)  anguish. 

f  The  party  took  to  sUding,  after  Mr.  W.  was  relieved  of  his  skates. 
1)  pastime. 

g  Mr.  Pickwdck's  disappearance  caused  general  consternation. 
1)  at  its  height;  2)  sharp  crack;  3)  prompt;  4)  with  might  and  main. 

h  On  his  appearance  Mr.  Pickwick  was  greeted  with  petitions  which 
were  quite  unnecessary. 
1)  to  emerge;  2)  to  disclose;  3)  adjuration. 

i  A  great  hubbub  was  made  over  his  rescue. 
1)  prodigy  of  valor;  2)  shawl;  3)  to  escort. 

91.— AN  AUTUMN  SUNSET 

a  The  sun  struggled  through  the  clouds  at  evening. 
1)  to  decline;  2)  to  struggle  through;  3)  to  obscure. 

b  Spring  seemed  to  live  again.  ^ 

1)  flash  of  memory;  2)  to  shed  a  glory  on  a  scene;  3)  to  sparkle;  4)  to 
resist  to  the  last;  5)  to  nip;  6)  sullen;  7)  to  twitter;  8)  to  taper; 

9)  ivy-shaded;  10)  to  hoard;  11)  ruddiness. 


FUNDAMKNTAL   ENGLISH  197 

c  Even  the  signs  of  winter  seemed  to  have  found  a  way  to  look  cheerful. 

1)  token;  2)  to  tinge;  3)  fragrance;  4)  to  strew;  5)  unison;  6)stubbled; 

7)  coral   bead;   8)    garniture;   9)   to   crunch;    10)   to   crackle; 

11)  ruddy;  12)  athwart;  13)  swarthy;  14)  to  mantle  in  among; 

15)  to  use  as  foils. 

d  In  one  moment  all  the  glad  cheerfulness  was  gone, 
1)  to  pile  up;  2)  airy;  3)  battlement;  4)  gloom. 

e  The  wind  rose,  and  night,  with  its  end  of  work,  came. 
1)  to  rattle;  2)  to  wither;  3)  shelter;  4)  to  trudge. 

f  The  village  forge  stood  out  brilliantly. 
1)  lusty  bellows;  2)  clinking;    3)  emulation;   4)  melancholy;  5)  te 
hover;  6)  lounger;  7)  hearth;  8)  cricket. 

92.— THE  TWO  COWARDS 

a  "  Shuttle-Griccy,"  the  bragging  silk-weaver,  was  chosen  as  spy  by 
General  Jourdan. 
1)  assault;  2)  nickname;  3)  to  outbrag;  4)  to  set  up;  5)  Agricola. 

b  Early  in  the  morning  our  spy  started  out  on  his  mission  along  the 
ditch. 
1)  to  buckle  on;  2)  cabbage;  3)  brace  of  pistols;  4)  to  dangle;  5)  to 
skulk;   6)  break;   7)  Monteux. 

c  The  Carpentras  folks  sent  out  a  scout,  who  came  creeping  along  the 
same  ditch,  but  towards  us. 
1)  scout;  2)  to  creep. 

d  It  was  amusing  to  the  onlookers. 
1)  bang. 

e  Some  were  confident  of  the  bravery  of  our  man,  others  were  not,  but 
none  could  warn  him. 
1)  to  turn  tail;  2)  to  keep  one's  mouth;  3)  grit;  4)  shorter  tongue; 
5)  to  worry;  6)  Avignon. 

f  Our  hearts  beat  fast  when  they  both  reached  the  break. 
1)  beforehand;  2)   to  crawl;  3)   nose;  4)  hearts  were  in  mouths; 
5)  shooting. 

g  Both  heads  disappeared  an  instant  after  they  appeared, 
1)  to  roll  over;  2)  to  tumble  down. 


198  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

h  We  soon  found  that  neither  spy  was  dead. 
1)  to  fire;  2)  flash  of  sword;  3)  to  untangle. 

i  During  the  retreat  they  began  to  fire  off  their  arms, 
1)  to  bang  off;  2)  to  see  the  dust  flying. 

j  The  other  scout  fled  into  the  city,  and  "Shuttle-Griccy"  rushed  in 
to  us  with  a  wondrous  tale. 
1)  city  gate;  2)  to  bolt  into  a  place. 

k  The  laughter  of  the  men  awoke  him  to  the  ridiculousness  of  his  posi- 
tion. 
1)  to  roar  with  laughter. 


93.— ROBm  HOOD  AND  THE  CORN-ENGROSSER 

a  Robin  Hood  was  soUloquizing  on  the  desirability  of  an  adventure. 
1)  grassy  bank;  2)  wayside  cross;  3)  Sherwood  Forest;  4)  merry  ad- 
venture; 5)  jolly. 

b  A  sorry-looking  horse,  and  a  rider,  as  sorry-looking,  appeared. 

1)  to  spy;  2)  to  cut  a  figure;  3)  weazened;  4)  dried  up;  5)  nag; 
6)  ragged;  7)  mouse;  8)  jagged;  9)  hoop;  10)  clog;  11)  palm's 
breadth;  12)  to  stud. 

c  Robin  was  anxious  to  cause  the  Corn-Engrosser  discomfiture. 

1)  wayfarer;  2)  Corn-Engrosser;  3)  Lincoln;  4)  exorbitant;  5)  miserly; 
6)  discomfiture. 

d  (C)  The  Corn-Engrosser  first  abused  the  petitioner,  and  then  de- 
clared he  had  no  money  about  him. 
1)  king's  highway;  2)  sour  voice;  3)  farthing;  4)  to  snarl;  5)  sturdy 
rogue;  6)  hempen  collar;  7)  to  stroll;  8)  groat;  9)  haunt. 

e  (C)  Robin,  with  many  signs  of  caution,  assured  the  Engrosser  that  he 
was  no  beggar,  and  ended  by  displaying  a  purse. 
1)  grain;  2)  purse  of  money. 

f  (C)  "I  have  a  Kttle  hiding  place  in  these  clogs." 
1)  nigh;  2)  sweet;  3)  four-score;  4)  to  clink;  5)  to  tell  tales. 

g  (C)  Robin  laughed  loud  enough  to  arouse  a  protest  from  the  En- 
grosser. 
1)  fox;  2)  "Let  us  forward-" 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  199 

h  (C)  Robin  demanded  the  clogs,  and  on  inquiry,  disclosed  himself. 
1)  barefoot;  2)  to  take  a  fancy  to  anything;  3)  hereabouts. 

i  The  Engrosser  gave  up  the  clogs,  and  Robin,  explaining  why  he  did 
not  invite  him  to  dinner,  sent  him  off. 
1)  to  quake;  2)  wayfarer;  3)  dealing;  4)  to  leave  a  nasty  taste;  5)  flank. 


94.— THE  BLACKSMITH  AT  BRANDYWINE 

a  The  terrible  wrath  of  the  blacksmith  who  ranged  hke  Ajax  over  the 

field  of  Brandywine  had  been  awakened  by  the  slaughter  of  his 

wife  and  babe. 

1)  to  plunge;  2)  magic;  3)  Thor-thrust;  4)  death-dealer;  5)  dumbly; 

6)  to  befall;   7)  to  tattoo;   8)  gaunt;   9)  to  range;    10)  quarter; 

11)  Mary. 

b  Wounded  though  he  was,  at  the  end  of  the  fight  he  was  lifted  into 
a  tree  by  a  wagoner,  and  killed  three  men  before  he  died  on  his 
perch. 
1)  to  ebb;    2)  wagoner;    3)  retreat;    4)  crotch;    5)  to  sprawl;    6)  to 
reel  forward. 


95.— THE  PHANTOM  DRAGOON 

a  Iron  Hill  once  had  two  reasons  for  its  name. 
1)  Newark;    2)  hematite   ore;    3)     General  Howe;    4)  Brandywine; 
5)  panoply;  6)  to  pitch. 

b  A  phantom  dragoon,  apparently  bullet-proof,  caused  consternation 
among  the  American  sentries. 
1)  outpost;  2)  picket;  3)  Welsh  Tract  Church;  4)  charging  gait;  5)  to 
relieve  guard;  6)  pallid;  7)  mocking  laugh. 

C  The  nightly  appearance  of  the  ghost  continued. 
1)  to  make  the  rounds;  2)  annoyance. 

d  The  old  corporal  had  the  satisfaction  of  bringing  the  ghost  to  the 
ground. 
1)  skeptical;  2)  to  haunt;  3)  to  look  well  to;  4)  priming;  5)  beat  of 
hoofs;  6)  a  thrill  along  the  spine;  7)  flint-lock. 


200  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  It  was  found  that  it  was  a  British  soldier  who  had  made  use  of  the 
superstitious  fears  of  the  rustics  to  gain  information  very  useful  to 
his  army. 
1)  to  scramble;  2)  disposition  of  troops;  3)  cuirass* 


96.— THE  SUNKEN  CITY 

a  The  richer  inhabitants  of  the  prosperous  city  lived  in  luxury,  forget- 
ful of  the  poor. 
1)  Zuyder  Zee;  2)  to  pave;  3)  ducat. 

h  The  lady,  in  order  to  increase  her  possessions,  ordered  the  captain  to 
return  with  the  most  precious  cargo  he  could  find. 
1)  maiden  lady;  2)  counting  house;  3)  haughtily. 

»€  Public  curiosity  had  been  aroused  about  the  cargo,  which,  by  the 
captain's  selection,  was  wheat. 
1)  staff  of  life;  2)  cargo;  3)  precious. 

d  Despite  the  captain's  protest,  the  woman  ordered  the  wheat  thrown 
into  the  sea,  and  promised  to  see  to  the  execution  of  her  order. 
1)  to  fly  into  a  rage;  2)  kernel;  3)  furious;  4)  port;  5)  bidding. 

e  The  poor,  informed  of  the  coming  destruction,  gathered  at  the  dock. 
1)  to  retrace  steps;  2)  to  assemble. 

f  The  captain,  speechless  with  anger,  and  still  helpless  to  resist  the 
woman,  at  last  found  voice  to  prophesy  God's  anger. 
1)  to  implore;  2)  handful;  3)  to  squander. 

g  She  cast  her  ring  into  the  sea  with  a  proud  defiance. 
1)  costly;  2)  coolly;  3)  to  credit;  4)  want. 

h  In  one  day  the  ring  returned,  and  destruction  came  upon  all  her  pos 
sessions. 
1)  to  discover;  2)  deathly  pale;  3)  bearer  of  ill-tidings;  4)  to  find  one's 
self  shorn. 

i  She  died  neglected  in  a  miserable  shed. 
1)  to  recognize;  2)  scorn;  3)  ill-treatment.       -— - 

j  Destruction  also  came  on  the  other  rich  inhabitants. 
1)  dike;  2)  reveler;  3)  to  submerge. 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  201 

k  Stavoren  now  lies  buried  beneath  the  sea. 

1)  to  ripple;  2)  to  thrash  into  foam;  3)  blast •  4)  to  rest  on  one's  oars; 
5)  turret;  6)  rampart;  7)  belfry;  8)  to  flap;  9)  to  toll  the  knell. 

97.— INTO  THE  JAWS  OF  DEATH 

a  Occasionally  people  do  meet  on  the  narrow  natural  bridge  near 
Bendearg,  and  pass  by  crawling  one  over  the  other. 
1)  artificial;  2)  chasm;  3)  masonry;  4)  rugged;  5)  eyrie;  6)  circuit; 
7)  to  crawl. 

b  Caim  and  Bendearg  met  on  the  pass,  one  calling  on  the  other  to  lie 
down,  and  the  other  disregarding  the  command. 
1)  arch;  2)  wajrfarer;  3)  patrician  order;  4)  to  disregard;  5)  summit. 

c  The  Grant  refused  to  he  down  at  the  command  of  the  MacPherson. 
1)  to  prostrate;  2)  to  drive  a  sword  through  a  body. 

d  They  drew  near,  and  made  ready  for  a  hand-to-hand  struggle. 

1)  bonnet;  2)  precipice;  3)  to  stretch  the  limbs;  4)  to  plant;  5)  to  knit 
the  eyebrows;  6)  onset. 

e  They  stood  for  a  time  straining  and  motionless. 
1)  to  grapple;  2)  to  shift;  3)  to  strain. 

f  MacPherson  succeeded  in  whirling  Grant  into  the  abyss,  where  he 
hung  overcome,  but  still  defiant. 
1)  purchase;  2)  abyss;  3)  brink;  4)  gulf;  5)  fragment;  6)  death-grip; 
7)  ragged. 

g  He  fell  to  death  below,  and  MacPherson  returned  home  a  changed 
man. 
1)  to  loosen  hold;  2)  to  mangle;  3)  heavy;  4)  to  alter, 

h  The  place  is  Hell  Bridge. 

J)  Gaelic;  2)  to  enact  a  tragedy. 

98.— FOR  A  LETTER  TO  HEAVEN 

a  The  overworked  postal  clerk  looked  up  into  two  bright  eyes. 
1)  penny;  2)  golden  head. 

b  (C)  To  his  snappish  question  the  little  girl  answered  with  her  request. 
1)  to  pluck  up  courage. 


202  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

c  Her  package  brought  a  strange  look  into  the  eyes  of  the  clerk. 
1)  brown  paper;  2)  Yule  tide;  3)  domestic;  4)  Harold  Newton. 

d  The  child,  interpreting  the  clerk^s  pause  in  her  own  way,  produced 
two  more  pennies,  and  asked  him  to  take  it  for  these. 
1)  postage;  2)  to  fumble;  3)  wee  purse;  4)  counter. 

e  (C)  As  soon  as  the  clerk  began  to  explain,  the  child  burst  out  into  her 
recital. 
1)  darling;  2)  to  plead. 

f  (C)  The  clerk's  eyes  were  wet  with  tears,  and  the  child  sobbed  out 
the  rest  of  her  sad  little  story. 
1)  flaxen-haired;  2)  to  quiver;  3)  angel. 

g  The  clerk  explained  as  tenderly  as  he  could  that  it  was  impossible  to 
send  the  package  to  heaven,  and  a  lady  standing  by  began  to  weep. 
1)  to  break;  2)  railroad;  3)  pleading;  4)  convulsively. 

h  (C)  The  lady's  assurance  dried  the  despairing  child's  tears. 
1)  parcel;  2)  to  dance  in  glee. 

i  The  lady  kept  the  white  lamb. 
1)  tiny;  2)  pink;  3)  touching  scene. 

99.— THE  THREE  WISHES 

a  According  to  the  emperor's  command  every  stranger,  eating  the 
second  side  of  the  fish,  was  condemned  to  death,  but  allowed  to 
make  three  demands  on  the  imperial  Hberality. 
1)  to  serve;  2)  to  eat  to  the  bone;  3)  stretch;  4)  imperial  clemency; 
5)  culprit;  6)  to  pledge. 

b  The  son  of  the  count,  who  was  thus  condemned  to  die,  was  accepted 
in  his  father's  stead. 
1)  edict;  2)  to  present  one's  self;  3)  doom;  4)  sorrow-stricken;  5)  to 
accord. 

c  (C)  The  young  man  demanded  the  emperor's  daughter  in  marriage. 
1)  demand;  2)  priest. 

d  This  request  was  granted,  and  on  the  morrasy  the  young  man  de- 
manded the  emperor's  treasures. 
1)  to  feel  bound;  2)  to  make  objection;  3)  imprisonment;  4)  dis- 
position. 


FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH  203 

e  He  made  many  friends  by  his  gifts. 
1)  profusely;  2)  host. 

f  (C)  The  emperor  in  fear  asked  what  was  his  third  demand. 
1)  early;  2)  uncomfortable;  3)  out  of  hand. 

g  (C)  "  Put  out  the  eyes  of  the  accusers.*' 
1)  sire;  2)  to  put  out. 

h  (C)  When  at  the  emperor's  command  the  chamberlain  was  seized, 
he  accused  the  steward. 
1)  chamberlain;  2)  steward. 

i  When  one  after  another  denied  having  seen  the  Count  eat  the  second 
side  of  the  fish,  the  princess  demanded  her  husband's  release. 
1)  to    protest;     2)  to    implicate;     3)  valet;     4)  butler;     5)  worthy; 
6)  dense  ignorance;  7)  Solomon. 

i  The  emperor  granted  the  request  of  the  princess. 
1)  to  shuflELe;  2)  to  shrug;  3)  savagely;  4)  courtier;  5)  radiant. 


100.— KING  JOHN  AND  THE  ABBOT 

>  The  Abbot  was  justly  popular. 

1)  liberal;  2)  velvet;  3)  out  of  gratitude. 

b  King  John  summoned  the  Abbot  to  his  presence. 
1)  jealous;  2)  to  brook  the  idea. 

(rr  (C)  "I  wiU  spare  thy  life  on  condition  that  thou  answerest  me  my 
three  questions." 
1)  realm;  2)  to  hold  state;  3)  clemency. 

d  The  Abbot  told  his  chief  shepherd  the  bad  news,  and  the  latter  bade 
the  good  man  to  cheer  up. 
1)  to  dismiss;  2)  greeting;  3)  to  cheer  up;  4)  to  grant  leave;  5)  ap- 
parel; 6)  discomfiture. 

e  The  shepherd  presented  himself  in  the  character  of  the  Abbot. 
1)  to  consent;  2)  cowl;  3)  to  accompany. 

f  (C)  The  king  asked  and  was  told  where  the  center  of  the  world  was. 
1)  to  measure. 


204  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

g  (C)  He  asked  and  was  told  how  long  it  would  take  to  ride  around 
the  earth. 
1)  shrewd;  2)  graciously;  3)  sun. 

h  (C)  He  asked  and  was  told  what  he  was  thinking  about. 
1)  to  let  pass;  2)  Abbot  of  Canterbury. 

i  The  king  enjoyed  the  fellow's  wit,  and  sent  him  home  with  presents. 
1)  nimble  wit;  2)  right  royal. 


101.— DEAF  AS  A  POST 

a  The  gentleman,  apparently  deaf,  paid  no  attention  to  the  ostler's 
protestations. 
1)  winter;  2)  traveler. 

b  (C)  To  further  protest  the  gentleman  replied  with  some  directions 
as  to  his  horse's  feed. 
1)  peck;  2)  to  make  the  best  of  one's  way. 

c  (C)  The  ostler  and  the  stable-boy  exchanged  yiews  about  the  gentle- 
man. 
1)  fool;  2)  deaf. 

d  The  gentleman  insisted  with  the  demurring  landlady  that  anything 
would  satisfy  him,  and  that  talk  was  useless. 
1)  to  lodge;  2)  to  stun;  3)  accommodation;  4)  cannon. 

e  It  was  determined  to  let  him  pass  the  night  on  the  chair, 
1)  to  get  rid  of;  2)  to  engage. 

f  He  could  not  be  disturbed  from  his  place  at  table. 
1)  to  bawl;  2)  top;  3)  comfortable. 

g  The  landlady  rejected  his  two  francs. 
1)  hearty;  2)  repast;  3)  disdain. 

h  (C)  "I  insist  on  paying." 

1)  to  put  in;  2)  politeness;  3)  to  foot  the  bill. 

i  The  servant  found  that,  on  leaving  the  company,  he  took  possessioi 
of  one  of  the  bedrooms. 
1)  to  find  one's  way;  2)  stupidity;  3)  to  take  possession. 

j  They  heard  his  soUloquy  and  his  determination. 
1)  to  turn  out;  2)  to  barricade;  3)  risk. 


FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH  205 

k  He  was  left  undisturbed. 

1)  eavesdropper;  2)  to  dislodge;  3)  to  pass. 

I  The  next  morning  he  explained  his  conduct,  and  left. 
1)  laugh;  2)  sou;  3)  to  wager;  4)  louis;  5)  to  some  effect;  6)  to  spur. 


102.— THE  WEATHER  VANE  AND  THE  POACHER 

a  The  poacher  declared  that  he  had  been  kept  from  sleep  by  the  vane 
which  had  the  number  nine  pricked  on  its  surface. 
1)  vane;  2)  Frankfort;  3)  legend;  4)  poacher;  5)  to  complain  sorely; 
6)  creaking. 

b  (C)  "  If  I  were  free,  I  would  show  my  accuracy  of  aim." 
1)  accursed. 

e  He  was  promised  his  freedom,  if  he  succeeded. 
1)  councilor;  2)  to  fulfill. 

d  He  succeeded. 

1)  to  load;  2)  to  punch;  3)  well-shaped. 


103.— THE  DEATH-DICE 

a  Prince  Frederick  decided  that  the  soldiers  should  throw  dice  for  their 
Uves. 
1)  Alfred;  2)  Ralph;  3)  to  deny  guilt;  4)  to  extract;  5)  to  cut  the  Gor- 
dian  knot. 

b  The  event  was  made  notable. 

1)  pomp;  2)  to  celebrate;  3)  to  assist. 

c  Ralph  made  the  highest  possible  throw,  and  Alfred  prayed  God  to 
help  him. 
1)  jubilant;  2)  to  fall  on  one's  knees. 

d  By  a  happy  accident,  Alfred  threw  thirteen. 
1)  die;  2)  to  split  off. 

e  All  were  astonished,  and  Ralph  acknowledged  his  guilt. 
I)  to  thrill;  2)  guilt. 


206  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


104.— A  CURIOUS  DECISION 


a  The  cook  demanded  of  the  sweep  half  the  price  of  a  dinner  as  recoro* 
pense  for  the  sweet  odors  he  had  been  inhaling. 
1)  to  regale;  2)  victual;  3)  sweep;  4)  savory. 

b  The  policeman  decided  that  the  sweep  should  pay  the  cook  by  re- 
galing one  of  his  senses. 
1)  to  feast;  2)  odor;  3)  to  make  one  a  recompense;  4)  insatiable. 

n  (C)  The  policeman  told  the  sweep  to  rattle  the  money  which  the 
latter  said  he  had. 
1)  two  pence;  2)  to  rattle. 

d  (C)  The  sweep  did  so,  and  the  policeman  declared  the  cook  paid. 
1)  to  tickle. 

e  The  decision  did  not  meet  with  the  same  approval  from  all. 
I)  by-standers« 

105.— THE  THREE  SLEEPERS 

a  Bonn  is  noted  for  the  laziness  of  its  people. 
1)  Beethoven;  2)  propensity;  3)  to  prolong. 

b  The  three  yoimg  men  retired  into  the  cave  in  order  to  enjoy  a  long 
sleep. 
1)  somnolence;  2)  hardship;  3)  to  settle;  4)  nap. 

c  After  seven  years  one  awoke  long  enough  to  ask  a  question. 
1)  to  mutter;  2)  to  bellow. 

d  After  another  seven  years  the  second  answered  the  first. 
1)  to  relapse;  2)  oblivion. 

e  After  a  third  seven  years  the  third  sleeper  spoke. 
1)  unbroken;  2)  long  drawn;  3)  dreamily;  4)  tojresume. 

f  They  are  said  to  interrupt  their  slumbers,  even  to  this  day,  in  the 
same  interesting  fashion. 
1)  to  volunteer;  2)  thrillingly;  3)  witty. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  20T 


106.— AN  OCTOBER  SUNRISE 

a  I  saw  the  sun  rise  above  the  mountains,  scattering  the  clinging  mists. 

1)  woodland;  2)  warmth;  3)  spread  of  light;  4)  wavering  length  of 

upland;  5)  dew-fog;  6)  to  cling  subtly;  7)  brave  lines  of  the  hills. 

b  The  woods  were  tinted  with  the  colors  of  autumn. 

1)  drapery  of  awakened  mountains;  2)  mellow;  3)  gold;  4)  olive. 

c  Light  was  shed  over  all,  and  hfe  woke  in  all  creation. 

1)  gladsome  light;  2)  curtain;  3)  cloven  hoof;  4)  crouching  hollow; 
5)  fluttering  sense;  6)  impress;  7)  wings  of  hope;  8)  sprang  re- 
assured; 9)  merged  beneficence. 


d  So  shall  rise  the  day  of  the  resurrection. 
1)  eternal  morning;  2)  crag;  3)  chasm. 


107.— TRYING  OLD  PRESCRIPTIONS 

a  A  crowd  gathered  round  the  horse. 
1)  to  balk. 

b  A  string  was  suggested,  but  found  useless. 
1)  ear;  2)  remedy;  3)  effect. 

c  Blindfolding  proved  equally  useless. 
1)  cabman;  2)  bandage. 

d  (C)  The  owner  resented  the  suggestion  to  back  him, 
1)  to  exasperate. 

e  An  ear  of  com  was  also  useless. 
1)  to  budge;  2)  to  resort  to. 

f  When  the  fire  blazed  up  under  him,  the  horse  moved  forward  just 
five  feet. 
1)  benevolent;  2)  to  build;  3)  excelsior;  4)  armful;  5)  to  curl  about; 
6)  calm  survey;  7)  blaze  ;  8)  to  unbend. 

g  Thirty-five  dollars  worth  of  damage  was  done  to  the  buggy. 
1)  elegant;  2)  to  occur;  3)  to  scatter. 


208  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

h  An  old  colored  man  came  along,  and  spoke  kindly  to  the  brute. 
1)  faded  siiit;  2)  brim;  3)  to  rub;  4)  to  scorch, 

i  The  horse  trotted  off. 
1)  brisk;  2)  head. 

108.— A  SON  OF  ADAM 

a  The  workman,  stirred  up  by  the  heat,  said  some  hard  things  about 
Adam. 
1)  trench;   2)  to  suffer  intensely;   3)  to  complain  of  one's  lot;   4)  to 
say  hard  things. 

b  His  master  said  he  would  do  as  Adam  had  done,  but  the  workman 
was  so  sure  he  would  not  that  the  master  told  him  to  come  at 
noon  for  a  test. 
1)  to  overhear;  2)  gruffly. 

c  When  the  workman  sat  down  to  dinner  at  noon,  the  master  bade  liim 
not  to  touch  the  dish  in  the  center  of  the  table. 
1)  well-laden;  2)  grace;  3)  covered  dish. 

d  The  workman  at  length  grew  curious  about  the  covered  dish. 
1)  to  help  one's  self;  2)  delicious. 

e  He  Ufted  the  cover,  and  had  to  chase  a  mouse. 

1)  to  hold  back;  2)  tiny  bit;  3)  to  pop  out;  4)  to  scurry. 

f  The  master  had  the  laugh  on  the  workman. 
1)  clatter;  2)  wee;  3)  hubbub;  4)  heartily. 


109.— PIERROT,  THE  FAITHFUL 

a  At  nine  in  the  morning  the  ragpicker's  donkey  stopped  short,  imable 
to  drag  the  well-filled  cart  any  farther. 
1)  to  silver;  2)  Park  Monceau;  3)  marquis  of  the  old  regime;  4)  globe 
of  fire;  5)  to  veil;  6)  to  famish;  7)  rubbish;  8)  skillet;  9)  stroke; 
10)  resignation. 

b  To  the  woman's  kindness  the  donkey  spoke  with  his  eyes — a  farewell 
1)  to  curse;  2)  motherly  pity;  3)  to  do  one's  best;  4)  to  die. 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  209^ 

c  The  woman  lifted  a  basket  of  bottles  out  of  the  cart,  and  encouraged 
the  donkey,  but  in  vain,  to  make  an  effort. 
1)  Pierrot;    2)  to  lighten;    3)  to  put  a  shoulder  to;    4)  St.  Ouen; 

5)  wretched;  6)  to  drag. 

d  While  she  ran  into  the  nearest  wine-shop,  I  examined  the  donkey 
more  fully. 
1)  anxious;  2)  fearful;  3)  Pjrrenean  dog;  4)  tuft;  5)  emaciated  body; 

6)  mountain  burned  bare. 

e  The  donkey  was  too  weak  to  eat  the  bread  and  sugar. 
1)  to  show;  2)  piano  keys;  3)  strength;  4)  to  oblige. 

f  (C)  I  found  out  the  cost  of  the  donkey,  and  offered  to  buy  it  on  con- 
dition that  she  would  retire  him  in  favor  of  another. 
1)  retired  list;  2)  abattoir. 

g  They  started  off  together. 
1)  card;  2)  high  spirits. 

li  (C)  The  woman  came  back  to  me  to  tell  me  that  the  donkey  had  died 
on  reaching  home. 
1)  hut;  2)  to  kiss;  3)  work. 


110.— THE  CRITICS  SILENCED 

a  The  artist  received  unqualified  praise  from  the  Elector  before  the 
great  crowd  assembled  in  the  market-place. 
1)  Diisseldorf ;  2)  unveiling;  3)  John  William;  4)  masterpiece;  5)  to 
swell  with  pride;  6)  equestrian;  7)  Gabriel  Grupello. 

b  The  jealous  courtiers  criticised  the  steed. 

1)  unwonted;  2)  to  depreciate;  3)  effigy;  4)  to  take  revenge;  5)  to  dis- 
parage; 6)  wither;  7)  quadruped. 

c  The  artist's  request  was  granted,  and  for  three  days  the  sounds  of  his 
hammer  were  heard. 
1)  comment;   2)  to    entreat;   3)  scaffolding;  4)  to  screen;  5)  heavy 
clang;  6)  incessantly. 

d  The  courtiers  comphmented  themselves,  and  at  the  end  of  the  ap- 
pointed time  gathered  with  the  Elector  round  the  statue. 
1)  to  and  fro;  2)  complacently;  3)  hint;  4)  suite. 


210  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  (C)  To  the  query  of  the  Elector,  the  critics  of  the  hoofs  and  neck  and 
ears  replied  that  they  were  quite  satisfied. 
1)  arch  of  the  neck;  2)  strained. 

f  Each  was  well  satisfied  with  himself. 
1)  to  praise;  2)  timely  suggestion;  3)  to  openly  profess. 

g  After  Hstening  in  silence,  the  sculptor  boldly  spoke  their  condenma- 
tion. 
1)  downcast;  2)  unchanged;  3)  bronze. 

h  (C)  "Why  then  the  hammering?" 
1)  Master;  2)  vigorously. 

i  (C)  "  I  was  demolishing  the  reputation  of  my  critics." 
1)  to  shrug;  2)  to  demolish;  3)  to  generously  bestow. 


111.— THE  WITCHERY  OF  OLD-TIME  HOUSES 

a  There  is  no  place  for  ghosts  in  a  modern  mansion. 

1)  stylish;  2)  garret;  3)  attic;  4)  to  accommodate;  5)  to  flatten  out; 
6)  nook;  7)  to  lodge;  8)  sealed  interval. 

b  The  old  houses  abounded  in  creepy  things. 

t)  wainscot;  2)  to  scamper;  3)  to  enact  a  scene;  4)  theatrical;  5)  slug; 
6)  misanthropic  spider;  7)  garish;  8)  mold;  9)  potato-shoot; 
10)  haply;  11)  cold  sweat;  12)  sepulchral;  13)  heap  of  bones. 

c  It  had  a  most  unfinished  garret. 

1)  lath;  2)  ridge  of  mortar;  3)  bridge;  4)  conchoidal;  5)  broadaxe; 
6)  sap. 

d  It  is  a  region  of  wrecks. 

1)  realm;  2)  shroud-like  cobweb;  3)  to  be  thrown  up;  4)  to  rock; 
5)  symbol;  6)  reel;  7)  blear-eyed;  8)  to  twirl;  9)  limbo. 

e  More  can  be  added  to  this  catalogue. 

1)  portmanteaus;  2)  stranded  porpoise;  3)  to  gape;  4)  to  gorge;  5)  to 
bulge;  6)  repletion;  7)  andiron;  8)  paltry;  0)  fore-stick;  10)  back- 
log;  11)  churn;  12)  dasher;  13)  Salem  witches. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  211 


112.— DEATH  OF  SPORUS,  THE  GLADIATOR 

a  The  combat  of  Niger  and  Sponis  drew  the  attention  of  the  spectators. 
1)  first  interest    2)  fatal;  3)  science;  4)  antagonist. 

b  Nigei-  it«treated,  attempted  a  throw,  then  fled  at  the  top  of  his  speed. 
1)  caution;  2)  fencer;   3)  net;   4)  to  glitter;   5)  swordsman;   6)  reti- 
arius;  7)  gladiator;  8)  snare;  9)  inflection;  10)  rage. 

c  Spoms  succeeded  in  wounding  Niger,  but  in  an  unguarded  moment 
Niger  struck  him  to  his  knees,  and  wrapt  the  fatal  net  about  him. 
1)  agility;    2)  trident;   3)  rapidity;   4)  caution;    5)  point;    6)  deadly; 
7)  mesh;  8)  redly. 

d  Victor  and  vanquished  looked  to  the  spectators  for  their  decision. 
1)  to  withdraw;  2)  to  roll;  3)  to  despair;  4)  to  glare  upon. 

e  The  signal  of  death  was  given,  and  the  headsman  walked  out  and 
gave  the  death-stroke. 
1)  woman's  hand;    2)  to  warm;    3)  dogged;    4)  fatal;    5)  to  stalk; 
6)  dismal;  7)  humbled  crest;  8)  to  glitter;  9)  to  quiver. 


113.— JACK  HANNAFORD 

a  Jack  Hannaford  came  to  the  farmhouse  where  dwelt  a  farmer  and 
his  foolish  wife. 
1)  penniless;  2)  widow;  3)  witless;  4)  thick-skulled. 

b  The  farmer  confided  to  her  care  ten  pounds. 
1)  market. 

c  The  wife  hid  the  money. 
1)  yoke-mate;  2)  chimney. 

d  (C)  Jack  Hannaford  arrived,  and  introduced  himself  as  coming  from 
Paradise. 
1)  to  rap;  2)  Paradise. 

c  (C)  On  inquiry  the  woman  learned  of  the  wants  of  her  former  spouse, 
and  confided  to  Jack  the  gold  needed  to  help  poor  Tom  Turpin. 
1)  to  allude;  2)  to  cobble;  3)  stock;  4)  fresh  supply;  5)  parlor. 


212  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

f  The  farmer  was  soon  in  pursuit,  and  Jack  made  ready  to  meet  him„ 
1)  to  return;   2)  anger;   3)  to  waste  words;   4)  beat  of  hoofs;   5)  to 
shade. 

g  (C)  Jack  explained  the  reason  of  his  attitude,  and  -the  farmer  grew 
curious  enough  to  imitate  him,  at  which  Jack  gave  further  direc- 
tions. 
1)  rare;  2)  sky;  3)  to  fly. 

h  The  farmer  saw. 

1)  to  gallop;  2)  horseless. 

i  (C)  "You're  the  bigger  fool." 

114.— THE  PEDDLER  OF  SWAFFHAM 

a  In  the  olden  days  there  Uved  at  Swaffham  a  poor  peddler. 

1)  London  Bridge;  2)  to  line;  3)  shop;  4)  salmon;  5)  arch;  6)  Nor- 
folk; 7)  to  have  much  ado;  8)  to  trudge;  9)  pack. 

b  He  made  no  account  of  his  dream  until  he  had  dreamt  it  three  times. 
1)  to  fall  out;  2)  London  town;  3)  to  make  little  account  of;  4)  to  try 
the  issue  of. 

c  At  his  journey's  end  he  seemed  Ukely  not  to  hear  the  promised  news. 
1)  weary;  2)  to  pace  to  and  fro;  3)  to  yield  comfort. 

d  (C)  On  the  third  day  a  shopkeeper  drew  from  him  the  reason  of  his 
presence. 
1)  to  tramp;  2)  wares;  3)  alms;  4)  to  roam. 

e  (C)  "Do  you  think  I  am  such  a  fool  as  to  go  to  this  unheard-of 
Swaffham,  and  investigate  the  meaning  of  my  dream." 
1)  bimipkin;  2)  orchard;  3)  to  journey;  4)  silly;  5)  to  get  hence. 

f  The  peddler  kept  his  own  counsel,  and  found  the  treasure. 
1)  shrewd;  2)  prodigiously;  3)  to  dig. 

g  He  was  a  just  rich  man,  and  is  honored  to  this  day. 

1)  duty;  2)  pride  of  wealth;  3)  magnificent;  4)  townsman. 

115.— WHICH  WAS  THE  HEIr? 

a  The  jeweler  took  with  him  his  son  and  the  slave. 

1)  to  carry  on  a  trade;  2)  superfluity;  3)  to  dispose  of;  4)  to  adopt 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  213 

b  On  the  jeweler^s  death,  the  slave  laid  claim  to  his  fortune,  and  was 
favored  by  appearances. 
1)  issue;  2)  pestilence;  3)  to  possess  himself;  4)  to  this  end;  5)  pre- 
tension; 6)  comely;  7)  ill-favored;  8)  indulgence. 

c  The  magistrate  declared  his  inability  to  decide. 
1)  heirdom;  2)  lack;  3)  assertion. 

d  The  judge  found  a  way. 

1)  to  engage;  2)  claimant;  3)  curtain;  4)  to  project. 

e  The  contestant  agreed,  and  an  officer  stationed  himself  in  readiness. 
1)  reliance;  2)  detection;  3)  scimeter. 

f  Shortly  the  judge  cried  out  to  strike  off  the  villain^s  head. 
1)  debate. 

g  At  the  sign  of  danger  the  impostor  discovered  himself. 
1)  to  brandish;  2)  conscious  security;  3)  to  animate. 

h  The  slave  was  ordered  to  be  punished. 
1)  custody;  2)  condign. 

116.— THE  HEROISM  OF  JOHN  BINNS 

a  The  whole  scene  comes  back  to  me, — everything,  and,  most  of  all,  the 
boy  w^aiting  for  help. 
1)  clanging;     2)  hoarse;     3)  hush;    4)  sea;     5)  fire-glow;     6)  back- 
ground; 7)  ledge. 

b  But  the  help  came,  and  the  lad  was  carried  down  the  scaling  ladders 

to  the  extension  ladder  by  one  of  the  firemen  who  had  cHmbed  up 

after  him. 

1)  truck  company;   2)  stretch;   3)  cross-bar;   4)  to  thrust;   5)  crash; 

6)  dizzy;   7)  human   fly;    8)  recess;    9)    span;    10)   pent-up; 

11)  lurid;    12)  impotent  fury. 

c  A  pandemonium  of  joy  broke  loose. 

1)  to  deafen;  2)  to  fall  on  necks;  3)  to  glisten;  4)  to  stall;  5)  to 
clutch;  6)  Comanche;  7)  to  relieve  one's  feelings;  8)  a  touch  of 
nature  that  makes  the  whole  world  kin. 

d  John  Binns  was  rewarded. 
V>  crew;  2)  Bennet  Medal. 


214  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


117.— BETH  GELLERT 

a  Gellert  had  been  given  to  Llewelyn  by  King  John. 
1)  greyhound;  2)  lion;  3)  chase. 

b  Llewelyn  had  Uttle  sport  because  he  hunted  without  Gellert. 
1)  horn;  2)  call;  3)  blast;  4)  bold. 

c  Master  and  dog  were  both  surprised  on  the  return  of  the  former. 
1)  rage;    2)  to  bound  out;   3)  to  startle;   4)  fang;   5)  to  drip;   6)  to 
crouch. 

d  The  terrible  thought  that  entered  Llewelyn's  mind  gained  confirma- 
tion at  every  step  on  the  way  to  the  nursery. 
1)  to  cross;  2)  nursery;  3)  disorder;  4)  to  daub. 

e  The  prince,  not  finding  the  child,  slew  the  dog. 
1)  frightful;  2)  to  plunge  into;  3)  deep  yell;  4)  eye. 

f  Too  late  Llewelyn  discovered  the  child,  and  the  truth, 
1)  unharmed;  2)  gaunt;  3)  to  slay, 

g  The  grave  is  called  Beth  Gellert. 
1)  cairn. 

118.— THE  DEVIL  AND  THE  ROOSTER 

a  The  attempt  to  span  the  Main  with  a  bridge  had  been  unsuccessful 
enough  to  make  the  builders  confide  the  project  to  the  devil. 
1)  red  sandstone;  2)  Frankfort;  3)  to  span;  4)  freshet;  5)  to  carry 
away;  6)  completion;  7)  to  mutter. 

b  One  architect  asked  the  devil's  help. 

1)  worldly-wise;  2)  predecessor;  3)  to  take  at  one's  word;   4)  Satanic 
Majesty;  5)  to  bespeak. 

c  The  devil  consented  on  being  promised  a  toll. 
1)  tender  mercies;  2)  contract. 

d  A  long  procession  was  formed  to  do  honor  to  the  opening. 
1)  magistrate;  2)  gala  attire. 

e  The  architect  was  invited  to  cross  the  bridge  first. 
'  1)  master  of  ceremonies;  2)  modestly;  3)  graceful  gesture;  4)  to  pass 
first;  5)  to  lead  the  march. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  215 

f  The  master  of  ceremonies  was  just  about  to  ride  forward,  when  the 
rooster  escaped,  and  was  seized  by  the  claw-hke  hand. 
1)  to  stammer;    2)  to  curl;    3)  pompous;    4)  drum-major;    5)  dis- 
tracted rooster;   6)  squawk;    7)  to  prance;    8)  to  zigzag;   9)  to 
flutter;  10)  cackle;  11)  to  clutch;  12)  imprecation;  13)  fumes  of 
brimstone. 

g  The  people  were  deKghted  to  hear  of  the  outwitting  of  the  devil. 
1)  frankly;  2)  to  be  beside  one's  self;  3)  to  cheat 

h  They  placed  a  memento  on  the  bridge. 
1)  memento;  2)  golden  effigy. 

119.— THE  NIGHT-STORM 

a  A  destructive  north  wind  blew  up. 

1)  dismal;  2)  bitter  storm;  3)  to  rattle;  4)  to  creak;  5)  to  fall  crash- 
ing; 6)  to  totter;  7)  to  reel;  8)  to  stagger;  9)  to  rock. 

b  Everyone  that  could  be  was  indoors. 

1)  to  brave  the  fury;  2)  blast;  3)  tavern;  4)  water-side;  5)  uncouth; 
6)  hearth;  7)  to  founder;  8)  to  cluster;  9)  goblins;  10)  rum- 
bling; 11)  pattering;  12)  to  wail;  13)  howl. 

c  The  May-pole  tavern  shone  cheery,  and  stood  stalwart  through  it  all. 
1)  ruby;     2)  to   blend;     3)  jovial;     4)  bleak;     5)  to    crunch;     6)  to 
crackle;     7)  perfume;     8)  sturdily;     9)  chafe;      10)  to  pant; 
11)  hospitable;  12)  to  puff  defiance  at;  13)  to  drive  at. 

120.— THE  THREE  CAKES 

it  The  carpenter's  much-prized  tree-trunk  was  floated  to  the  home  of 
the  hospitable  man  who  discovered  its  value. 
I)  covetous;    2)  to  overflow;    3)  destination;    4)  benefactor;    5)  pil- 
grim; 6)  to  cleave  in  twain;  7)  to  deposit. 

b  This  man,  when  he  heard  the  carpenter's  tale,  determined  to  see 
whether  the  money  ought  to  be  restored  to  its  owner. 
1)  to  bitterly  lament;  2)  quest;  3)  host;  4)  title j  5)  cake. 

c  At  his  host's  suggestion  the  carpenter  chose  a  cake,  greedily  promis- 
ing to  take  another,  if  he  desired  it. 
1)  to  weigh;  2)  earth. 


216  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

d  In  the  presence  of  the  carpenter  the  host  disposed  of  the  money. 
1)  to  restore;  2)  varlet;  3)  pauper;  4)  tribulation. 

121.— THE  DERVISE  AND  THE  FOUR  ROBBERS 

.-a  The  four  robbers  determined  to  possess  themselves  of  the  sheep  by 
strategy. 
1)  purchase;    2)  sacrifice;    3)  Dervise;    4)  to  part  company;    5)  to 
accost. 

b  The  first  thief  asked  him  where  he  had  gotten  the  dog. 
1)  to  contrive. 

<5  The  second  and  third  robbers  also  asked  where  he  had  picked  up  the 
dog. 
1)  quarter;  2)  venerable;  3)  greyhound. 

«d  The  fourth  capped  the  climax. 
1)  to  put  one  beside  himself. 

e  The  Dervise,  believing  himself  cheated  by  the  grazier,  returned  to  the 
city  to  claim  his  money,  leaving  his  sheep  with  the  robbers. 
1)   grazier;     2)  conjurer;    3)  to   bewitch;    4)    to   give   credit   to; 
5)  wether;  6)  felon. 

122.— CLEARING  A  MYSTERY 

ft  The  lady  advised  the  nervous  gentleman  to  hide  his  money  in  his 
boots. 
1)  stage-coach;   2)  London;   3)  highwayman;   4)  guinea;   5)  to  con- 
ceal. 

b  The  lady  invited  her  accusers  to  dine  with  her,  promising  an  explana- 
tion of  her  conduct. 
1)  purse;     2)  to  submit;     3)  to  load  with  abuse;     4)  confederate; 
5)  appearance. 

c  (C)  After  the  feast  the  lady  explained  her  conduct,  and  generously 
reimbursed  the  gentleman.  -     _^ 

1)  sumptuous;  2)  drawing  room;  3)  apology;  4)  to  make  amends* 

d  The  travelers  expressed  their  pleasure.  * 

1)  presence  of  mind. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  217 


123.— A  TALE  OF  TERROR 

a  We  stopped  at  the  cottage  of  a  peasant. 
1)  companion;  2)  peasant;  3)  Calabria. 

b  Our  room  was  an  attic  that  was  used  as  a  store-room. 
1)  loft;  2)  ladder;  3)  nest;  4)  joist;  5)  laden. 

c  My  companion  slept,  while  I  stayed  awake. 
1)  to  relight;  2)  to  finish. 

d  I  overheard  a  conversation. 

1)  dawn;  2)  host;  3)  to  distinguish. 

e  I  was  stricken  with  terror,  and  could  see  no  means  of  escape. 
1)  marble;  2)  to  howl;  3)  wolf. 

f  The  climax  of  my  suspense  came,  when  mine  host  and  his  wife  climbed 
into  the  attic. 
1)  to  mount;  2)  crack;  3)  barefoot;  4)  to  shade. 

g  The  man  went  to  the  bed,  and  cut  a  shce  from  a  ham  hanging  above. 
1)  throat;  2)  bare;  3)  to  retire. 

h  At  breakfast  several  terrible  things  were  easily  explained. 
1)  hostess;  2)  capon. 

124.— THE  MISCHIEVOUS  WIND 

a  The  wind  had  no  other  effect  on  the  fire  than  to  make  it  bum 

brighter,  and  in  anger  ran  away  to  take  revenge  on  something  else. 

1)  out  upon;    2)  to  bluster;    3)  forge;    4)  to  bang;    5)  wicket;    6)  to 

grumble;    7)  to   bully;    8)  bellows;    9)  swaggerer;    10)  hoarse; 

11)  gaily;  12)  to  whiz;  13)  surly;  14)  howl;  15)  cuff;  16)  ale- 
house; 17)  blue  dragon;  18)  rampant;  19)  to  rear;  20)  crazy 
frame. 

b  The  wind  took  after  the  leaves,  and  followed  them  into  the  wheel- 
wright's. 
1)  small  tyranny;    2)  to  wreak  vengeance;    3)  to  come  up  with; 
4)  heap;    5)  to  vent  one's  humor;    6)  pell-mell;    7)  to  whirl; 
8)  frantic;     9)  gambol;     10)  malicious    fury;     11)  to    charge; 

12)  saw-pit;  13)  sawdust;  14)  to  follow  at  one's  heels* 


218  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

c  The  leaves  clung  wherever  they  could,  but  the  oddest  feat  they 
achieved  was  to  rush  into  Mr.  Pecksniff's  door,  whither  the  wind 
followed  with  strange  results. 
1)  to  scare;   2)  giddy  chase;   3)  outlet;   4)  to  eddy  round;   5)  eave; 
6)  hay-rick;    7)  to    achieve   a   feat;     8)  bat;     9)  to    cower; 
10)  hedge;  11)  incontinently;  12)  twinkling  of  an  eye;  13)  bois- 
terous rover;  14)  moor;  15)  meadow;    16)  flat;    17)  to  make  a 
night  of  it. 

125.— THE  PICTURE  OF  A  PHANTOM'S  FACE 

a  The  stranger  was  moved  by  the  portrait,  and  his  rest  was  broken  as 
a  result  of  looking  at  it. 
1)  Lubeck;  2)  hospitably;  3)  to  lodge;  4)  apartment;  5)  to  arrest  at- 
tention; 6)  unearthly;  7)  fascination. 

b  The  master  was  put  out  when  he  heard  the  guest's  story,  and  e:iv 
plained  the  presence  of  the  picture. 
1)  to  glare;  2)  oversight;  3)  to  part  with  anything. 

c  (C)  The  master  told  how  his  father  met  the  painter. 

1)  coffee-house;  2)  Hamburg;  3)  to  observe  closely;  4)  to  shudder; 

5)  intimacy;  6)  solicitation. 

d  (C)  "The  painter  assassinated  his  former  friend." 

1)  familiar  terms;  2)  to  patronize;  3)  to  fall  out;  4)  to  challenge. 

e  (C)  "In  desperation  the  painter  drew  the  phantom  face,  and  gave  it 
to  my  father  before  his  return  to  Italy." 
1)  fixed  eye;    2)  to  encounter;    3)  to  stare;    4)  mood;    5)  specter; 

6)  phantom  visage;    7)  conscience-smitten;    8)  to  surrender  to 
justice. 

126.— A  WARM  JOKE 

a  A  trickster  lost  his  leg,  and  found  in  this  another  means  of  making 
money. 
1)  wit;   2)  expense;    3)  credulous;    4)  to  overturn;    5)  to  amputate; 
6)  to  levy  contributions.  ~    ._^ 

b  He  soon  spent  the  two  hundred  pounds. 

1)  to  bring  action;  2)  cork-leg;  3)  artificial;  4)  to  resort  to  trickery; 
5)  livelihood. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  219 

c  He  confinned  the  tale  of  the  fanner,  and  assured  his  listeners  that  he 
could  perform  the  wonder. 
1)  to  provide  one's  self;  2)  rotten  wood;  3)  public-house;  4)  molten; 

5)  hero;  6)  to  have  about  one. 

d  (C)  He  produced,  and  explained  the  virtues  of  his  powder. 
1)  to  compound;  2)  to  melt. 

e  (C)  They  ridiculed  the  idea,  and  he  agreed  to  try  it  on  himself. 
1)  to  guffaw;  2)  incredulous. 

f  When  the  water  was  brought,  he  applied  the  powder. 
1)  pail;  2)  to  steam;  3)  stocking. 

g  He  plunged  his  leg  into  the  pail,  and  the  farmers  stood  in  wonder. 
1)  to  plunge;  2)  tranquillity;  3)  to  glare. 

h  The  farmers  prevailed  on  him  to  part  with  some  of  the  powder,  and 
next  day  invited  their  friends  to  see  the  experiment. 
1)  to  yield  to  entreaty;  2)  eagerly;  3)  to  hasten;  4)  to  astonish. 

i  A  vain  spectator  leaped  into  the  tub. 
1)  vanity;  2)  nimbly. 

j  His  agony  only  raised  a  laugh,  and  he  was  left  to  the  care  of  his  wife. 
1)  shriek;    2)  victim;    3)  to   dance;    4)  to  convulse;    5)  to  scald; 

6)  yokel. 

127.— THE  CHIMNEY-SWEEPERS'  FEAST 

a  The  origin  of  the  chimney-sweepers*  dinner  is  this. 

1)  London;   2)  superb;   3)  metropolis;  4)  Montague  House;   5)  Cav- 
endish Square. 

b  When  the  guilty  footman  announced  the  loss  of  the  boy  to  the  dis- 
tracted mother,  every  effort  was  immediately  made  to  find  him. 
1)  coimtry-seat;    2)  a-walking;    3)  to  lose  sight  of;    4)  ale-house; 
5)  indescribable;  6)  bill;  7)  goodly  reward. 

e  The  sweep  who  had  been  summoned  proved  to  be  the  lost  boy. 
1)  Lady  Montague;  2)  ball;  3)  town-house;  4)  saucepan;  5)  to  suf- 
focate; 6)  vinegar;  7)  smelling-bottle;  8)  temple;  9)  bosom. 

d  The  stoiy  of  his  abduction  was  learned. 

1)  gypsy;  2)  donkey;  3)  to  maltreat;  4)  father. 


220  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  The  Lady  Montague  gave  a  feast  to  the  chimney-sweeps  on  the  first 
of  May  to  commemorate  the  event. 
1)  to  reward;  2)  handsomely;   3)  to  preside;  4)  to  do  full  justice  to; 
5)  fare. 

f  The  First  of  May  is  still  the  chimney-sweepers'  holiday. 
1)  grave. 

128.— A  DUEL  BY  FRENCHMEN 

a  We  had  a  duel. 
1)  heroic  spectacle. 

b  Everytliing  was  in  readiness  for  action,  when  doubts  arose  which 
called  for  a  postponement. 
1)  suspender;  2)  complication;  3)  proxy;  4)  hotly;  5)  to  separate. 

c  Another  postponement,  and  only  at  the  third  meeting  do  they  go  at  it. 
1)  to   palpitate;    2)  to   rekindle;    3)  to   send   forth;    4)  to   lunge; 
5)  fencer;  6)  thruster;  7)  cruel;  8)  honor. 

d  The  damage  was  sUght. 
1)  eyebrow. 

129.— JOHN  RIDD  ON  THE  STRAWBERRY  MARE,  WINNIE 

a  Tom  Faggus  came  round  the  comer. 
1)  to  rush  down;  2)  hedge;  3)  Winnie. 

b  (C)  Faggus  yielded,  under  protest,  to  John's  request. 
1)  burden;  2)  to  be  loath;  3)  bravest  scorn;  4)  skull, 

c  Tom  told  the  filly  to  give  me  a  soft  fall. 

1)  filly;  2)  to  subdue;  3)  to  draw  in  the  nostrils;  4)  soft  turf. 

d  The  mare  treated  me  so  kindly  that  I  grew  confident  enough  to  urge 
her. 
1)  to  prick;  2)  to  mince  about;  3)  caper. 

e  In  an  instant  I  knew  I  was  in  for  it. 
1)  to  plug;  2)  shrill;  3)  whale-bone. 

f  Finding  I  stuck  to  her  despite  her  plunging,  she  raced  away. 
1)  to  rear;   2)  comb;   3)  heaven;   4)  wax;   5)  "my  mettle  was  up"; 
6)  to  fly. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  221 

g  (C)  I  refused  to  listen  to  my  sister. 
1)  to  scream. 

h  I  hung  to  her,  but  was  very  sick  at  heart. 

1)  to  take  the  gate  at  a  leap;  2)  to  knock  the  words  between  one's 
teeth;  3)  water-meadow;  4)  child  at  the  breast;  5)  to  feel  the 
earth  rushing  away. 

i  She  made  me  long  for  death. 
1)  water-trough;  2)  sideways;  3)  to  leave  no  breath  in  one. 

j  At  the  sound  of  the  whistle  she  carried  me  home  swiftly  and  gently. 
1)  shrill;   2)  bullet;   3)  speed  of  a  swallow;  4)  fluent;   5)  breeze  flit- 
ting over  the  flowers;  6)  summer  lightning;  7)  limp. 

130.— FINDING  GOLD  IN  CALIFORNU 

a  The  excitement  began  after  the  Mexican  War. 
1)  California. 

b  Sutter  had  settled  at  Sacramento. 
1)  Missouri;  2)  to  style;  3)  site. 

c  He  found  Western  ways  slow. 

1)  log;  2)  plank;  3)  to  grind;  4)  roller;  5)  slab. 

d  Marshall  hired  Indians  to  dig  the  necessary  ditch. 
1)  saw-mill;  2)  mill-wheel;  3)  great  water-wheel. 

e  He  discovered  the  gold  by  accident,  and  verified  the  discovery. 
1)  to  course  through;  2)  pebble;  3)  brass;  4)  pea;  5)  scales. 

f  The  secret*  was  wormed  out  of  the  teamster. 
1)  whisky;  2)  wherewith;  3)  grain;  4)  to  worm  out. 

g  People  came  from  all  parts  to  reap  their  fortune  in  the  gold  fields. 
1)  fire  in  dry  grass;  2)  to  abandon;  3)  to  lay  down;  4)  thirst;  5)htmt; 
6)  gold-seeker. 

131.— HOW  THE  CENTURY  PLANT  GOT  ITS  NAME 

a  A  Russian  nobleman  brought  roots  of  the  maguey  to  Russia. 
1)  maguey;  2)  eager. 

b  The  gardener  died  before  he  could  carry  out  the  Czar's  command. 
1)  attention;  2)  to  accomplish. 


222  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

c  The  roots  lay  neglected  until  one  was  planted  by  the  second  gar- 
dener's child. 
1)  sack;  2)  unheeded;  3)  to  pick  out;  4)  playful  mood. 

d  The  Czar  and  this  second  gardener  died. 

e  The  plant  grew  slowly  and  mysteriously 
1)  spike;  2)  to  thrive;  3)  origin. 

f  The  new  Czar  wondered  at  the  strange  plant,  but  died  before  it 
bloomed. 
1)  thick;  2)  to  bloom. 

g  Shortly  after  the  coronation  of  the  next  Czar  the  plant  bloomed. 
1)  coronation;  2)  cluster;  3)  bud;  4)  blossom;  5)  to  unfold. 

h  The  gardener  had  his  explanation,  and  the  Court  came  to  admire  the 
plant. 
1)  honor;  2)  to  send  word, 

i  Thus  the  plant  got  a  new  name. 
1)  exile;  2)  sunny  sky;  3)  to  earn. 


132.— FEARSOME  SIGHTS  IN  A  STORM 

a  During  the  October  hurricane  strange  tales  were  told,  and  Captain 
Sammis  came  in  with  a  story  of  a  mermaid. 
1)  to  rage;   2)  skipper;   3)  craft;  4)  startling  tradition;  5)  schooner; 
6)  Bartley  Hope;  7)  port;  8)  scales;  9)  fin. 

b  Captain  Ade  Scidmore  had  seen  two  terrible  monsters,  and  others  had 
tales  of  their  own. 
1)  Fulton  Market  Fishing  Fleet;    2)  Sandy  Hook  light-ship;    3)  to 
rear;  4)  plesiosaurus;      5)  alligator;      6)  paddle;      7)  hideous; 
8)  storm-swept  beach. 

c  Captain  Hank  Henderson  had  the  most  marvelous  story  of  all. 
1)  to  overtop;  2)  marine;  3)  mast;  4)  to  snap. 

d  Greneral  excitement  .was  the  result. 

1)  shipping  circles;    2)  white  heat;    3)  collusion;    4)  sea-dog;    5)  in 
flocks;  6)  plague;  7)  deep;  8)  amateur  scientist. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  223 

e  A  youth  who  heard  the  tales  hurried  off  with  information  which 
resulted  in  a  bulletin  that  destroyed  all  the  romance  of  the  tales. 
1)  Rockaway  Beach;  2)  to  post  off;  3)  Battery;  4)  Herman  Kensel- 
man;  5)  merry-go-round;  6)  carrousel;  7)  keel. 


133.— THE  "EASY  MARK" 

a  The  Meadowthorpers  looked  on  Johnnie  Keating  as  one  of  a  far 
inferior  species. 
1)  Hudson  River;  2)  out  of  the  West;  3)  Michigan. 

b  They  tried  to  sell  him  some  of  their  broken-down  horses,  and  gave 
him  encouraging  odds  on  the  race. 
1)  handicap;    2)  to   supply  liberally;    3)  horseflesh;    4)  specimen; 
5)  to  hem;  6)  to  haw;  7)  to  give  odds;  8)  to  dub. 

c  Six  horses  were  entered  in  the  race. 

1)  bugle;  2)  Major  Bastlay's  Boadicea;  3)  Ralph  Gering;  4)  Dick 
Middleton's  Bricktop;  5)  Tom  HalUday's  Fleetwing;  6)  Dr.  Wil- 
cox's Firefly;  7)  Martin  Follingsby's  Graystone;  8)  Barrister; 
9)  to  have  up;  10)  breeding. 

d  After  some  delay  they  got  off,  Keating  doing  well. 
i)hitch;  2)  flag. 

e  In  the  eariiest  stage  of  the  race  the  leaders  were  Bricktop,  Boadicea, 
Barrister,  in  the  order  named. 
1)  polo  field;  2)  to  fight  for  his  head;  3)  to  make  the  pace;  4)  to  take 
a  fence;  5)  to  rush  a  wall;  6)  to  go  strongly;  7)  well  within  her- 
self;  8)  quarter;  9)  pull. 

f  In  the  second  stage  Barrister  hung  at  the  quarter  of  the  leader, 
Boadicea,  and  the  disappointed  Meadowthorpers'  only  solace  was 
the  river. 
1)  Higgin's  barn;  2)  to  bolt;  3)  to  hang  at;  4)  to  negotiate. 

g  The  river  left  three  horses  in  the  race. 
1)  to  take  off;  2)  brook;  3)  cat;  4)  bird. 

h  When  they  came  out  from  behind  the  grove  Barrister  was  third,  but 
soon  regained  his  place  beside  Boadicea,  making  a  finish  that 
awoke  the  admiration  of  the  spectators. 
1)  to  intervene;  2)  to  come  strong;  3)  to  shake  out  the  reins;  4)  ar- 


224  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

row;   5)  to  creep  up;   6)  flank;    7)  splendid  machine;   8)  reserve; 
9)  inch  by  inch;   10)  neck  and  neck. 

i  Keating  won  in  the  last  ten  yards. 
1)  to  gallop;  2)  to  Uft  forward. 

j  (C)  Explanations  followed. 
1)  to  introduce;  2)  Grand  National;  3)  long-drawn  sigh. 


134.— THE  TRIBUTE  OF  "DE  GANG" 

a  The  dead  lodger  awakened  Httle  comment. 
1)  third  floor  back;  2)  diversion;  3)  meager. 

b  Among  the  man's  effects  were  found  enough  to  satisfy  the  landlady  ^ 
and  a  card  that  served  for  his  identification. 
1)  out  of  sorts;   2)  in  advance;   3)  coroner;   4)  formality;   5)  to  soil; 
6)  to  crumple;  7)  "Andrew  L.  BilUngs,  Daily  Eagle  ". 

c  BiUings  was  remembered  as  a  queer  character  whose  hobby  seemed 
to  be  the  helping  of  the  poor. 
1)  staff;  2)  spare  time;  3)  contribution  column;  4)  hobby. 

d  The  "Eagle"  was  to  pay  for  his  burial. 

1)  cemetery;  2)  twenty-five  dollars*  worth  of  decency;  3)  generosity. 

e  A  minister  and  some  reporters  who  had  worked  with  him  assembled 
in  the  cold  parlor  for  the  funeral. 
1)  blizzard-like;   2)  cheerless;  3)  rite;   4)  to  cower;   5)  cheap  coffin; 
6)  to  clear  the  throat. 

f  Just  then  a  newsboy  entered,  and  was  recognized  by  one  of  the  re- 
porters. 
1)  unkempt;  2)  scant;  3)  to  match;  4)  blustery;  5)  Nick. 

g  The  boy  silently  laid  his  flowers  on  the  coffin. 

1)  purple;    2)  tiny  bunch  of  carnations;    3)  to  tiptoe;    4)  to  close 
softly. 

h  The  minister  read  the  explanation  on  the  appended  card. 
1)  white  cord;  2)  stem;  3)  to  scan;  4)  solitary-tribute. 

i  The  minister  closed  the  services  briefly  and  aptly. 
1)  to  reach  for;  2)  to  preach. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  225 


135.— THE  ADVENTURE  OF  TILLERMAN  McDERMOTT 

a  In  a  little  over  four  minutes  after  the  alarm  was  given,  the  men  were 
raising  the  ladder. 
1)  St.  Patrick's  day;    2)  to  bring  to  a  standstill;   3)  slow-moving 
clouds;  4)  red  streakings  of  fire;  5)  windlass. 

b  Beggin  saw  the  woman^s  peril,  and  motioned  to  McDermott,  who  in  an 

instant  was  crawling  up  to  her  rescue,  having  to  warn  her,  as  he 

drew  nearer,  to  sit  still. 

1)  ledge;     2)  sheer;     3)  flagging;     4)  to    wave;     5)  to    drown    out; 

6)  ominous  orange  glow;    7)  dizzy  seat;    8)  scaling-belt ;    9)  to 

wrench;    10)  to  crook;    11)  sill;    12)  to  plunge;    13)  measuring 

worm;  14)  fragment;  15)  to  hook;  16)  sleeve. 

c  When  he  reached  the  sixth  floor,  he  saw  the  walls  within  all  ablaze. 
1)  inner;  2)  raging  furnace. 

d  He  took  the  woman  on  his  shoulder,  and  descended,  with  one  accident, 
to  the  lowest  rung,  where  he  waited  for  McGuire  and  the  exten- 
sion ladder  until  the  latter  cheered  him  with  his  voice. 
1)  conscious;    2)  to  hold  the  breath;    3)  unanchored;    4)  to  sway; 
5)  cotton   string;     6)  roar   of   falling   walls;     7)  to   gush   out; 
8)  round;  9)  with  a  snap;    10)  tendon;    11)  to  grapple;    12)  to 
trickle;   13)  bow;   14)  to  break  into  spray;   15)  legs  drawn  under 
him. 

e  It  was  a  moment  of  uncertainty. 

1)  awful;    2)  to  paralyze;    3)  numbness;    4)  frail;    5)  burden;    6)  to 
dash  to  death. 

f  They  did  not  fall,  and  to-day  McDermott  bears  the  scars  of  battle. 
1)  scar;  2)  swelling 


136.—"  FRECKLES  "  McGRAW 

a  "  Freckles  "  was  William  McGraw. 
1)  official  register;  2)  State  House. 

b  "  Freckles, "  as  a  reformer,  wanted  the  Kelley  bill  to  pass. 
1)  legislature;  2)  measure;  3)  to  destine. 


226  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

c  The  Senator  explained  to  the  Representative  the  state  of  affairs. 
1)  session;  2)  Stacy;  3)  Ludlow. 

d  "Freckles"  heard,  and,  when  Ludlow  seemed  to  be  following  Stacy, 
knew  a  battle  was  on. 
1)  lobbyist;  2)  doubtful;  3)  look  of  triumph;  4)  to  make  up  a  plan  of 
campaign. 

e  Halfway  up  he  stopped  the  elevator. 
1)  basement. 

f  (C)  "Freckles"  began  to  give  frightening  answers  to  the  evidently 
anxious  Ludlow. 
1)  nervous;  2)  anxiously. 

g  " Freckles"  showed  some  signs  of  emotion,  when  he  ccme  to  the  con- 
clusion that  it  would  run. 
1)  glitter;  2)  gray  eyes;  3)  red  spots;  4)  freckled  cheek. 

h  Its  flight  scared  Ludlow. 

1)  history;  2)  to  rush  past;  3)  utter  abandonment;  4)  blood. 

i  (C)  "  Freckles  "  would  not  console  the  lobbyist  even  with  the  thought 
that  the  fleeing  elevator  would  not  fall. 
1)  thick  with  terror;  2)  to  gasp;  3)  shaking  voice;  4)  to  blubber. 

j  The  elevator  ascended  almost  to  the  roof. 
1)  shaft;  2)  tower;  3)  rickety;  4)  to  wabble. 

k  At  "Freckles'"  suggestion  the  lobbyist  cHmbed, — and  the  elevator 
began  to  descend. 
1)  to  pant;  2)  eminent;  3)  to  clamber;  4)  to  slam;  5)  lever. 

1  Ludlow  knew  he  had  been  tricked. 
1)  dull;    2)  smooth;    3)  to  gull;    4)  winding  stairway;    5)  parapet? 
6)  flag  of  distress. 

m  When  the  night  boy  released  him,  Ludlow  was  angry,  but  it  was  not 
from  him  that  the  world  learnt  the  story. 
1)  oil;  2)  atmosphere;  3)  joke. 

137.— THE  GREEK  STORY  OF  DELPHI 

a  The  birth  of  Apollo  filled  the  earth  with  joy.      *^ 

1)  to   deck;    2)  nymph;    3)  Delos;    4)  Hellas;    5)  choir;    6)  white 
swan;  7)  to  pipe. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  227 

b  He  wandered  up  and  down  and  out  of  Greece  and  back  again. 

1)  to  entrance;  2)  Zeus;  3)  Olympus;  4)  Pieria;  5)Iolcos;  6)  Thes- 
salian;  7)  to  take  up  one's  abode;  8)  Hyperboreans. 

c  He  chose  the  plain  of  Tilphussa  for  his  temple,  but  the  nymph  did  not 
favor  his  plan. 
1)  Copals;  2)  well- watered ;  3)  moss;  4)  lily. 

d  (C)  **This  land  will  attract  the  spoiler,  and  is  not  peaceful  even  now." 
1)  spoiler;  2)  song  of  the  cicada;  3)  din  of  battle;  4)  to  give  place; 
5)  herd;  6)  to  drive  afield;  7)  plowman;  8)  boorish. 

e  (C)  ** Where,  if  not  in  this  pleasant  place,  will  I  settle?" 
1)  vale. 

f  (C)  "  Go  to  Parnassus  for  a  place  of  honor.' 
1)  cleft;  2)  to  do  honor. 

g  Apollo  built  his  temple. 

1)  master-architect;      2)  Trophonius;     3)  Agamedes',     4)  massive; 
5)  shrine. 

138.— A  GODDESS  BRmE 

a  One  morning  Peleus  saw  the  beautiful  Thetis  walking  on  the  shore. 
1)  purple;  2)  Myrmidons;  3)  dream;  4)  nymph;  5)  to  weave;  6)  Naiad; 
7)  chaplet;  8)  sandal. 

b  Peleus  was  warned  by  Pallas  Athene  that  this  was  his  predestined 
bride. 
1)  silver-footed;  2)  to  woo. 

c  He  went  to  Chiron  to  learn  how  to  win  his  bride 
1)  blue  cloud;  2)  Chiron;  3)  mountain-top. 

d  He  captured  and  held  fast  the  nymph  as  she  changed  to  various 
shapes. 
1)  to  gild;  2)  crag;  3)  Pelion;  4)  sea-washed;  5)  to  dally;  6)  golden 
tress;  7)  mist;  8)  tawny. 

e  Peleus  won  her  love,  and  the  gods  made  ready  the  banquet  hall. 
^^  leafy;  2)  to  sport;  3)  to  sparkle;  4)  cavern;  5)  vaulted;  6)  niche; 
/)  to  polish. 

f  That  was  the  grandest  wedding-feast  mortal  man  had  ever  had. 
1)  immortal;  2)  viand;  3)  Nereides;  4)  Muses;  5)  Apollo. 


228  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


139.— PROMETHEUS 

a  Prometheus  in  pity  for  their  lot  gave  men  fire  and  many  other  good 
gifts. 
1)  forethought;  2)  to  scoop;  3)  to  vary;  4)  fennel  stalk;  5)  Helios. 

b  Zeus,  who  hated  men,  ordered  Prometheus  bound  upon  Caucasus. 
1)  naught;  2)  feeble;  3)  burden;  4)  to  grovel;  5)  pent  up;  6)  peak. 

c  Hephaestus  unwilUngly  went  with  the  servants  of  Zeus  to  help  in 
doing  his  bidding. 
1)  ruthless;  2)  bleak;  3)  barren;  4)  bond;  5)  crag. 

d  (C)  "  I  bind  you  to  this  everlasting  torture  most  unwillingly.*' 
1)  loathing;  2)  blaze;  3)  to  scorch;  4)  to  shimmer;  5)  veil. 

e  Prometheus  sang  fearlessly  while  birds  of  prey  and  the  elements 

joined  in  an  effort  to  torture  him. 

1)  to  swoop ;  2)  scream ;  3)  grim ;  4)  to  flap ;  5)  talon ;  6)  to  hurtle  down ; 

7)  to  topple;  8)  to  rattle;  9)  to  eddy;  10)  gust;  11)  lurid;  12)  to 

crash;   13)  to  deafen;   14)  to  blend;   15)  turmoil;   16)  to  whirl; 

17)  chaos;  18)  to  quail. 

f  After  thirteen  generations  Hercules  freed  Prometheus. 
1)  to  purge;  2)  everlasting;  3)  to  fetter;  4)  naked;  5)  to  circle;  6)  to 
dig;  7)  paean. 

140.— AN  UNWn.LING  HERO 

a  A  pleasant  family  group  was  gathered  in  the  orchard  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Neritus. 
1)  garb;  2)  Anticelia;  3)  Penelope;  4)  to  beam;  5)  Odysseus;  6)  to 
dandle;  7)  Telemachus;  8)  to  bud. 

b  When  Odysseus  heard  of  the  purpose  of  Nestor  of  Pylos  and  Pal- 
medes  of  Euboea,  he  showed  himself  unwilling  to  fulfill  his  oath. 
1)  shrewd;  2)  Menelaus  of  Lacedaemon;   3)  Paris;  4)  Helen;    5)  to 
darken.  - 

c  He  suddenly  rushed  aimlessly  to  the  palace,  seeming  to  recognize 
neither  of  the  messengers. 
1)  stride;  2)  aimless;  3)  footpath;  4)  white;  5)  greeting. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  229 

d  Palamedes  suspected  a  trick. 
1)  wreck. 

e  He  began  to  plow  the  beach  and  sow  salt. 

1)  to  make  one's  way;  2)  to  yoke;  3)  fvirrow;  4)  to  strew;  5)  grain. 

f  Odysseus  forgot  to  sham  when  he  saw  his  child  laid  in  front  of  his  team 
by  Palamedes,  and  the  latter  pressed  his  advantage. 
1 )  with  the  dawn ;  2)  Eurycleia ;  3)  to  smile ;  4)  to  trample ;  5)  maniacal ; 
6)  to  hands. 

g  Odysseus  acknowledged  gracefully  that  he  had  been  outwitted,  and 
joined  the  Grecian  forces. 
1)  to  cloud;  2)  to  outwit;  3)  to  own. 

141.— THE  WOODEN  HORSE 

a  In  the  tenth  year  of  the  siege  of  Troy,  when  all  other  schemes  had 
failed,  Odysseus  suggested  a  new  plan. 
1)  Trojan;  2)  to  sit  down  before  a  city;  3)  starvation;  4)  for  good  and 
all;  5)  to  go  aboard. 

b  A  host  of  warriors  hid  themselves  in  the  wooden  horse,  while  the  rest 
of  the  Greeks  departed. 
1)  doughty;  2)  Pyrrhus;  3)  wooded;  4)  Tenedos. 

c  The  Trojans,  pouring  out  of  the  city,  listened  to  Sinon's  story,  and 
asked  the  meaning  of  the  horse. 
1)  to  pour  out;  2)  relic;  3)  to  hazard;  4)  to  lurk. 

d  Sinon  told  them  the  horse  was  a  Greek  offering  to  Athene  which 
would  turn  to  the  benefit  of  the  Trojans  should  they  receive  it 
within  their  walls. 
1)  Palladion;  2)  distant;  3)  Calchas,  the  soothsayer;  4)  to  revere; 

5)  to  insure. 

e  The  horse  was  dragged  into  Troy,  to  the  ruin  of  the  city. 

1)  artful;  2)  to  fall  upon;  3)  torch;  4)  to  mete  out;  5)  Tyndareus; 

6)  blemish. 

142.— A  WONDERFUL  SWORD 

a  Mimer,  unable  to  make  a  sword  fit  to  pierce  the  armor  of  AmiUas, 
came  to  his  apprentices  for  help. 
1)  upstart;  2)  Burgundyland;  3)  underling;  4)  to  foil. 


230  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

b  The  other  apprentices  ridiculed  the  temerity  of  Siegfried. 
1)  to  shake;  2)  to  scorn. 

c  After  seven  days  of  labor  he  brought  a  sword  to  Mimer. 
1)  spark;  2)  ringing;  3)  hissing;  4)  to  temper. 

d  The  sword  cleft  a  thread  of  wool. 

1)  thistle-down;  2)  to  glitter;  3)  twain;  4)  to  cleave. 

e  On  the  fourth  day,  after  more  working  and  tempering,  the  sword 
spUt  a  ball  of  wool  floating  on  the  water. 
1)  to  weld;  2)  white-hot;  3)  to  temper;  4)  milk;  5)  corn-meal;  6)  to 
sneer;  7)  eddy;  8)  to  whirl;  9)  to  bare;  10)  to  ripple. 

f  After  seven  weeks  Siegfried  again  brought  the  sword  to  Mimer. 
1)  smithy;  2)  to  glow;  3)  cheery;  4)  haggard. 

g  Siegfried  split  Mimer's  anvil  with  the  beautiful  sword  without  dulling 
the  blade  in  the  least. 
1)  ruddy  hilt;  2)  rune;  3)  to  score;  4)  to  gleam;  5)  gathering  gloom; 
6)  lightning's  play;  7)  whit;  8)  Thor. 

h  Mimer,  holding  it  in  the  water,  split  ten  fleeces,  and  then,  proclaim- 
ing his  confidence,  went  to  meet  Amilias. 
1)  brook;  2)  to  swirl;  3)  cleanly;  4)  Balmung. 

143.— THE  STORY  OF  SPRING 

a  From  the  North  Sea  came  sweeping  in  to  Siegfried  a  vessel,  and  in 
its  prow  played  a  minstrel  who  told  Siegfried  he  was  Bragi. 
1)  white;  2)  to  speed;  3)  to  float;  4)  to  be  wafted;  5)  incense;  6)  to 
reef. 

b  Siegfried  saw  that  the  ship  was  filled  with  flowers  and  birds,  for  Bragi 
was  bringing  spring  to  the  lands  of  the  North. 
1)  to  be  laden;  2)  to  circle;  3)  twittering;  4)  to  wake;  5)  to  scatter. 

c  At  the  music  of  Bragi  the  vessel  sped  on  its  course  with  Siegfried 
aboard. 
1)  right;  2)  to  touch;  3)  to  leap. 

d  Icebergs  were  melted,  and  the  North  winds  joined  forces  with  those 
from  the  South. 
1)  Reifriesen;  2)  Hoder;  3)  to  drift;  4)  breath;  5)  ally. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  231 

e  At  the  approach  of  Bragi  the  ice  of  the  North-lands  was  melted,  and 
flowers  and  grass  sprang  up  everywhere. 
1)  huge;  2)  gray;  3)  fortress;  4)  to  play;  5)  rivulet;  6)  to  tumble; 
7)  gorge;  8)  to  plunge;  9)  to  peep;  10)  fjord. 

144.— A  WARRIOR  MAIDEN 

a  To  him  who  excelled  her  in  her  three  chosen  feats,  Brunhild  would 
give  her  hand  and  kingdom;  vanquished  contestants  had  to  accept 
death. 
1)  Valkyr;  2)  Isenland;  3)  challenge;  4)  intrusion;  5)  to  forfeit. 

b  Gunther,  with  Siegfried  hidden  in  the  Tamkappe,  came  to  try  for  the 
prize. 
1)  courtyard;  2)  Burgundyland;  3)  fearful;  4)  outcome;  5)  peerless. 

c  Brunhild's  armor  and  weapons  were  wondrous. 

1)  Libyan;  2)  to  dint;  3)  stroke;  4)  lace;  5)  stout;  6)  sun;  7)  span. 

d  After  the  trial  she  confessed  herself  surpassed  by  Gunther  in  huriing 
the  spear. 
1)  to  speed;  2)  lightning;  3)  to  bear  down;  4)  giant;  5)  to  poise; 

6)  beam;  7)  blunt;  8)  cliff;  9)  to  hurl. 

e  Brunhild  threw  a  stone  of  a  ton  weight  and  leaped  a  dozen  fathoms. 
1)  huge;  2)  head;  3)  to  swing;  4)  to  land. 

f  Gunther,   aided  by  Siegfried,  leaped  and  threw  farther,  and  led 
away  Brunhild,  a  willing  bride. 
1)  to  bury;  2)  vassal;  3)  homage;  4)  liege. 

145.— GOLDEN  HAIR 

a  Loki,  wandering  among  the  mountains,  came  upon  an  underground 
smithy,  wonderfully  rich,  where  dwarfs  were  at  work  making 
jewels  and  gems. 
1)  crevice;  2)  cleft;  3)  crooked;  4)  forge;  5)  bellows;  6)  vaulted; 

7)  star;  8)  brown;  9)  leathern;  10)  to  smelt;  11)  pearl;  12)  dew- 
drop;  13)  tear;  14)  emerald;  15)  leaf;  16)  souvenir. 

b  A  lump  of  gold  was  drawn,  spun,  and  made  into  hair  which  Loki  car- 
ried to  earth  and  gave  to  a  little  girl. 
1)  Ivald;  2)  token;  3)  to  draw;  4)  elf;  5)  flax;  6)  tiny;  7)  anvils; 
^)  chorus:  9)  soft:  10)  gossamer;  11)  golden. 


232  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


146.— THE  STORY  OF  THE  VOLCANO 

a  When  the  gods  made  up  their  minds  to  punish  Loki,  the  mischief- 
maker  hid  himself  at  the  foot  of  the  Fanander  Cataract,  where  his 
pursuers  found  trace  of  him. 
1)  Asa;  2)  to  condone;  3)  Asgard;  4)  to  mete;  5)  wrongdoer;  6)  to 
whirl;  7)  waterfall. 

b  When  the  net  missed  Loki  the  first  time,  Thor  suggested  to  try  again. 
1)  mesh;  2)  to  roar;  3)  to  drag;  4)  current;  5)  cunning;  6)  dead. 

c  Loki,  seeing  no  other  way,  attempted  to  leap  over  the  net,  but  was 
caught  by  Thor. 
1)  weight;  2)  to  rush;  3)  shallow;  4)  Aegir;  5)  slippery. 

d  The  gods  bound  him  beneath  a  smoking  mountain,  and  now,  when 

his  wife  is  emptying  the  basin  of  venom,  the  poisonous  drops,  which 

fall  on  him,  make  him  belch  forth  fire. 

1)  bitter;  2)  cavern;  3)  to  drip;  4)  Skade,  wife  of  Niord;  5)  hideous; 

6)  venom;  7)  tar-black;  8)  to  writhe;  9)  to  shriek;  10)  to  tremble; 

ll)tospit;  12) fume;  13)  sulphurous;  14)  to  belch  forth;  15)Sigyn. 

147.— THE  KNIGHT  OF  THE  SWAN 

a  All  in  the  castle  turned  in  the  direction  whence  the  sound  of  the  bell 
came. 
1)  to  halt;  2)  to  fill;  3)  music;  4)  battlement;  5)  squire;  6)  menial. 

b  Out  of  a  cloud  came  the  swan  and  the  boat. 

1)  waving;  2)  weed;  3)  ripple;  4)  to  shelve;  5)  mist;  6)  silver;  7)  angel; 
8)  gold;  9)  scallop;  10)  silken;  11)  to  ravish;  12)  song. 

c  When  the  knight  landed,  the  music  died  away  as  the  swan  drew  off. 
1)  empty;  2)  to  welcome;  3)  to  die  away;  4)  distance. 

d  The  strange  knight  was  dumb,  but  Roland  found  a  parchment  at  his 
neck. 
1)  courteous;  2)  to  hold  converse;  3)  ribbon;  4)  parchment. 

6  The  parchment  gave  the  knight's  name.  -^*^ 

1)  Lohengrin;  2)  fief. 

f  Charlemagne  received  him  royally. 

1)  mantle;  2)  crimson;  3)  ermine;  4)  banquet. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  233 


148.— THE  WHITE  STAG 

a  The  army  and  Charlemagne  were  in  despair,  when  Turpin  set  him- 
self to  prayer. 
1)  Alps;  2)  gorge;  3)  ascent;  4)  fain. 

b  During  the  Archbishop^s  prayer  the  stag  appeared. 

1)  crag;  2)  knightly;  3)  to  drift;  4)  wide-branching;  5)  sunbeam. 

c  (C)  "Behold  our  hope!" 

1)  sure-footed;  2)  steep;  3)  to  smile. 

d  There  seemed  no  hope,  but  the  stag  waited. 

1)  grim;  2)  snow-crowned;  3)  angrily;  4)  lowermost. 

e  The  stag  led  the  army  up  and  up  along  the  difficult  way. 
1)  bugle;  2)  cloud;  3)  radiant;  4)  to  yawn. 

f  They  came  to  heights  whence  behind  them  they  could  see  France, 
but  before,  nothing  but  rocky  crags. 
1)  solitude;  2)  map;  3)  speck;  4)  desolate;  5)  to  dishearten. 

g  On  the  eighth  day  Turpin  gave  thanks  for  their  deliverance. 
1)  steep;  2)  to  toil;  3)  to  burst;  4)  throat;  5)  peril;  6)  mysterious. 

149.— ROLAND'S  HORN 

a  Roland  prized  his  horn  above  all  his  other  accouterments. 

1)  accouterment;  2)  sea-horse;  3)  tusk;  4)  unicorn;  5)  to  set;  6)  to 
inlay;  7)  clear. 

b  One  day  Charlemagne  challenged  Roland  to  blow  the  horn  which  no 
one  else  had  been  able  to  blow. 
1)  workmanship;  2)  to  issue;  3)  Paris;  4)  Aix;  5)  to  split;  6)  idle;  7)  to 
bethink. 

c  (C)  "  Try  to  blow  this  horn,  which  has  been  silent  since  the  time  of 
Charles  the  Hammer." 
1)  tourney;  2)  valiant;  3)  to  couple;  4)  to  deafen;  5)  crash;  6)  slan- 
derer; 7)  Poictiers;  8)  lung. 

d  Roland  blew  a  note  which  was  so  terrible  that  the  king  begged  him 
to  cease. 
1)  to  roll;  2)  forest;  3)  country-side;  4)  to  echo;  5)  vibration;  6)  folk; 
7)  heaven;  8)  clangor;  9)  gesture;  10)  to  reverberate. 


234  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  (C)  "  Keep  the  horn  to  blow  only  in  battle  and  need." 
1)  to  gainsay;  2)  utmost. 

f  Roland  kept  the  horn  till  death. 
1)  to  hang;  2)  death-song;  3)  Valley  of  Thorns. 

150.— CHAINING  THE   SOUTH  WIND 

a  The  great  bodies  of  troops  who  gathered  at  the  king's  command  to 
accompany  Astolpho  in  his  expedition  against  Algeria  hesitated 
when  they  leamt  his  destination. 
1)  desert;  2)  liege-lord;  3)  Charlemagne;  4)  herald;  5)  stronghold; 

6)  countryside;  7)  to  equip. 

b  (C)  The  South  Wind  will  kill  us. 

1)  sand;  2)  furnace;  3)  scorch;  4)  to  parch;  5)  whirlwind;  6)  to  bury. 

c  Astolpho  quieted  their  fears,  and  flew  to  the  land  of  the  many- 
minded,  fickle  South  Wind. 
1)  to  quiet;  2)  winged;  3)  to  kiss;  4)  bud;  5)  blossom;  6)  to  ripple; 

7)  to  rustle;  8)  canebrake;  9)  rivulet;  10)  ledge;  11)  to  unlock; 
12)  curse. 

d  He  found  her  asleep,  and  fixed  a  magic  net  over  the  entrance  to  her 
cave. 
1)  heavy;  2)  to  repose;  3)  to  hearken;  4)  dight;  5)  mesh;  6)  courser. 

e  When  the  South  Wind  loosened  herself  from  the  net,  and  caught  up 
with  the  army,  it  was  too  late  to  do  it  any  harm. 
1)  to  dread;  2)  sand  storm;  3)  peak;  4)  Atlas  Mountains;  5)  to  rid; 
6)  to  trip;  7)  tree-top;  8)  to  whistle;  9)  glen. 

151.— THE   DEATH   OF  ROLAND 

a  When  victory  seemed  assured,  the  Moors  swept  down  on  the  Chris- 
tians, and  left  but  sixty  alive. 
1)  Vale  of  Thorns;  2)  slaughter;  3)  Roland;  4)  Oliver;  5)  Marsilius; 
6)  to  hem  in. 

b  Charlemagne  heard  the  sound  of  the  horn,  a«d  turned  back  with  his 
army. 
1)  plight;  2)  burial;  3)  gorge;  4)  league;  5)  gate;  6)  Pyrenees;  7)  rear- 
guard; 8)  to  befall;  9)  to  succor. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  235 

c  When  all  but  himself  and  Tuipin  were  slain,  Roland  blew  the  horn 
again. 
1)  to  rage;  2)  to  bite  the  dust;  3)  to  survive;  4)  to  ooze  away;  5)  feebly. 

d  The  pagans  made  a  last  attack,  and  fled  at  the  sound  of  Charlemagne's 
trumpets. 
1)  blast;  2)  to  answer;  3)  to  bode;  4)  to  stretch. 

e  Roland  carried  his  friends  before  the  Archbishop,  who  gave  them 
his  last  blessing. 
1)  faint;  2)  to  Uft. 

f  When  Roland  awoke  from  his  swoon,  he  saw  the  Archbishop,  who 
had  tried  to  help  him,  dead  beside  the  rivulet. 
1)  to  swoon;  2)  distress;  3)  to  stagger;  4)  to  fetch;  5)  to  totter; 
6)  rivulet. 

g  Roland  sat  down,  and  addressed  Durandal. 
1)  death's  door;  2)  marble;  3)  shame;  4)  folk. 

h  He  tried  to  break  the  sword,  but  failed,  and  died. 
1)  to  smite;  2)  to  split;  3)  glove. 

i  Charlemagne  buried  all  the  dead  on  the  field  save  Roland  and  Oliver 
and  Turpin,  whom  he  carried  to  Blaye. 
1)  at  the  charge;  2)  death-strewn;  3)  chapel  of  St.  Roman's. 

152.— THE   QUEST  OF  THE   GRAIL 

a  The  Grail  was  guarded  by  a  descendant  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea  who 
had  to  be  pure  of  hfe. 
1)  to  pierce;  2)  relic. 

b  The  sinning  guardian  was  punished  by  an  incurable  wound,  and  the 
Grail  was  withdrawn  from  sight. 
1)  pilgrim;  2)  to  confer;  3)  to  intrust;  4)  frailty;  5)  spontaneously; 

6)  iron  age. 

c  While  Arthur  was  considering  how  to  carry  out  the  message  of 
Gawain,  the  Grail  was  seen  at  a  banquet  at  Camelot. 
1)  Merlin;  2)  recovery;  3)  quest;  4)  to  achieve;  5)  vigil;  6)  Pentecost; 

7)  meat;  8)  clap;  9)  samite. 

d  Breaking  silence,  Arthur  said  they  should  thank  God  for  the  favor. 
1)  mystic;  2)  cloud. 


236  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  Most  of  the  knights  vowed  to  seek  the  Grail. 
1)  vow;  2)  twelve  months  and  a  day. 

f  As  Arthur  foresaw,  many  perished  on  the  quest. 
1)  to  gainsay;  2)  sin-stained;  3)  to  purify. 

153.— SIN-STAINED 

a  Launcelot  entered  freely  into  the  castle  by  the  sea  until  he  came  to 
the  one  closed  portal. 
1)  chasm-like;  2)  breaker;  3)  to  make  semblance. 

b  When  he  heard  the  song,  he  prayed  for  some  fulfillment  of  his  desires. 
1)  Holy  Grail;  2)  to  wit;  3)  pity. 

c  He  would  have  entered,  but  was  bade  stay  without,  and  thence  viewed 
the  holy  tiling. 
1)  clearness;  2)  torch;  3)  to  withdraw;  4)  heavy;  5)  silver;  6)  samite; 
7)  wax. 

d  He  forgot  himself,  and  was  smitten  to  the  ground. 
1)  wonder;  2)  fire;  3)  to  smite;  4)  visage. 

e  He  was  carried  thence,  and  when  to  his  sorrow  he  awoke  from  his 
pleasant  dream,  he  was  told  he  had  seen  all  that  was  to  be  given 
to  him  of  the  Grail. 
1)  pulse;  2)  to  waken;  3)  marvel;  4)  to  achieve. 

f  When  he  returned  to  Camelot,  he  said  more  was  not  for  him. 
1)  to  take  leave;  2)  Guinevere;  3)  round  table;  4)  passing  glad;  5)  to 
veil. 

154.— SIR   GALAHAD   AND   THE   GRAIL 

a  When,  after  many  adventures,  they  came  to  the  wondrous  ship,  Gala- 
had prayed,  and  was  granted  the  favor  of  dying  in  the  hour  he 
wished. 
1)  Grail;  2)  Bohort;  3)  Percival;  4)  silver;  5)  samite;  6)  reverence; 
7)  request. 

b  When  they  were  entering  Sarras,  was  wrought  the  miracle  of  the  man 
lame  ten  years. 
1)  silver;  2)  cripple;  3)  crutch;  4)  to  assay. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  237 

c  Galahad  was  made  king. 

1)  to  dismay;  2)  to  wit;  3)  to  bid;  4)  assent;  5)  chest;  6)  vessel. 

d  When  Galahad  leamt  that  the  man  who  prayed  before  the  Grail  was 
Joseph  of  Arimathea,  he  prayed  for  death. 
1)  fellowship;  2)  to  tremble;  3)  to  lift. 

e  Galahad  and  the  Grail  were  borne  up  to  heaven. 
1)  to  kneel;  2)  to  bear;  3)  rose;  4)  to  withdraw. 

155.— THE  PASSING  OF  ARTHUR 

a  Arthur  was  wounded  to  death,  kilhng  the  traitor  Modred. 

1)  conspiracy;  2)  goodly;  3)  fellowship;  4)  to  sunder;  5)  accursed; 

6)  to  make  at;  7)  to  smite;  8)  liege;  9)  helm;  10)  Excalibur. 

b  Arthur  gave  Bedivere  his  orders  about  Excalibur. 
1)  Lucan;  2)  chapel;  3)  to  fling. 

c  Bedivere  hid  the  sword,  and  told  the  king  he  had  seen  nothing. 
1)  pommel;  2)  heft. 

d  A  second  and  a  third  time  the  king  sent  him  on  the  same  mission. 
1)  to  deceive;  2)  to  spare;  3)  temptation;  4)  to  upbraid;  5)  selfsame. 

e  He  threw  it  into  the  lake,  where  it  was  caught  by  an  arm. 

1)  ridge;  2)  to  plunge;  3)  bush;  4)  to  clutch;  5)  to  wheel;  6)  lightning; 

7)  to  flash;  8)  to  whirl;  9)  arch;   10)   streamer;   11)  to  dip; 
12)  samite;  13)  hilt;  14)  to  brandish. 

f  The  lamenting  women  received  the  king  aboard  the  black  barge. 
1)  water-side;  2)  fast;  3)  barge;  4)  hood;  5)  to  shriek. 

g  Bedivere  turned  from  Arthur  to  become  a  hermit,  and  Arthur  was 
borne  away,  and  it  is  said  will  come  again. 
1)  Avalon;  2)  hull;  3)  dot;  4)  dawn;  5)  wailing;  6)  to  turn;  7)  hermit- 
age; 8)  to  abide;  9)  lowly. 

156.— THE  PROVING  OF  A  KING 

a  In  the  general  distress  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  called  upon 
Merlin  to  devise  some  scheme  for  finding  a  king. 
1)  Uther-Pendragon;  2)  overlord;  3)  realm;  4)  seer;  5)  woeful. 


238  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

b  Merlin  devised  the  stone  and  anvil  and  sword  and  its  strange  device. 
1)  naked;  2)  midway;  3)  blue;  4)  to  glister;  5)  hilt;  6)  to  chase; 
7)  inlaid. 

c  Meriin  told  the  Archbishop  that  he  would  be  king  who  drew  forth  the 
sword. 
1)  miracle;  2)  to  make  assay;  3)  rightwise. 

d  Nineteen  kings  and  sixteen  dukes  were  bidden  to  try. 

1)  gentle  and  simple;  2)  quality;  3)  herald;  4)  trumpet;  5)  adventure. 

e  Of  the  contestants  some  were  ashamed,  some  angry. 
1)  to  bend;  2)  blade;  3)  to  plant. 

f  Merlin  presented  Arthur. 
1)  to  make  a  mock;  2)  to  press;  3)  yonder. 

g  The  Archbishop  gave  leave. 
1)  comely;  2)  to  go  out. 

h  Arthur  drew  forth  the  sword,  waved  it,  and  replaced  it  in  the  sight 
of  all. 
1)  cube;  2)  haft;  3)  smoothly;  4)  to  flash;  5)  lightning;  6)  face, 
7)  aforetime. 

i  To  satisfy  all,  Arthur  four  times  accomplished  the  same,  and  was 
made  king. 
1)  to  have  none  of;  2)  Candlemas;  3)  Easter;  4)  Pentecost;  5)  to 
anoint;  6)  estate. 

157.— KING  ARTHUR  AND   THE   SABLE  KNIGHT 

a  After  due  preparations  the  conflict  commenced. 

1)  Arthur;  2)  Sable  Knight;  3)  lawn;  4)  to  dress;  5)  spur;  6)  flank. 

b  The  shock  of  their  meeting  was  terrible. 

1)  to  course;  2)  to  tremble;  3)  earthquake;  4)  to  crash;  5)  thunderbolt; 
6)  splinter;  7)  truncheon;  8)  to  stagger;  9)  address. 

c  At  the  third  onset  Arthur  only  saved  himself  from  falling  by  leaping 
from  his  saddle,  and  was  dazed  by  the  blow. 
1)  to  run  the  course;  2)  to  hurl;  3)  to  deliver;  4)  girth;  5)  to  void; 
6)  to  whirl. 

d  When  he  recovered,  he  forced  his  opponent  from  his  se%t 
1)  red;  2)  anger;  3)  to  constrain. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  239 

e  Tbey  fought  with  swords  until  each  was  all  bloody. 

1)  bull;  2)  to  foin;  3)  to  trace;  4)  to  parry;  5)  cantle;  6)  to  hew;  7)  to 
stain. 

f  Arthur  at  last  stunned  the  Sable  Knight. 
1)  to  withstand;  2)  hilt;  3)  to  stagger. 

g  On  his  recovery  he  struck  Arthur  a  heavy  blow. 
1)  dolorous;  2)  to  cleave;  3)  brain-pan. 

h  The  Sable  Knight  called  on  the  wounded  Arthur  to  surrender. 
1)  to  swim;  2)  to  commingle;  3)  lather;  4)  sorely. 

i  Arthur  stood  ready,  after  throwing  his  adversary  to  the  ground,  to 
give  the  deathblow. 
1)  sword-belt;  2)  thigh;  3)  to  bereave;  4)  to  imlace;  5)  helm;  6)  miseri- 
cordia. 

158.— EXCALIBUR 

a  Arthur  and  Merlin  came  upon  a  plain. 
1)  seer;  2)  bedight;  3)  conceive. 

b  Arthur  felt  he  had  come  into  a  land  of  enchantment. 

1)  gold;  2)  fragrance;  3)  to  ravish;  4)  silver;  5)  border;  6)  hollow; 
7)  to  push. 

c  As  Arthur  pondered  how  to  get  the  wonderful  sword  which  he  saw 
before  him,  a  lady  drew  near. 
1)  margin;  2)  samite;  3)  wrought;  4)  to  carve;  5)  hilt;  6)  to  glister; 
7)  star;  8)  tall  flower;  9)  to  bloom. 

d  The  lady,  who  looked  like  an  ivory  statue  clad  all  in  green,  promised 
to  help  Arthur  achieve  the  sword. 
1)  wax;  2)  black;  3)  jewel;  4)  silk;  5)  cord;  6)  to  achieve. 

e  At  the  sound  of  her  whistle  a  wonderful  boat  appeared. 

1)  girdle;  2)  to  carve;  3)  brass;  4)  swan;  5)  silver  thread;  6)  glass. 

f  Merlin  and  the  Lady  of  the  Lake  watched  Arthur  as  he  moved  away. 
1)  to  enter;  2)  bank. 

g  Arthur  watched  his  approach  to  the  sword. 
1)  to  uplift. 

h  He  took  the  sword. 

1)  to  reach  forth;  2)  scabbard;  3)  belt. 


240  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

i  Arthur,  after  saluting  the  Lady  as  courtesy  required,  rode  away  with 
Merlin  and  the  sword. 
1)  thanks;  2)  war-horse;  3)  palfrey;  4)  to  expand. 


159.— A  BATTLE   ON   STILTS 

a  Among  other  things  done  for  the  amusement  of  Marshal  Saxe  was  a 
battle  on  stilts. 
1)  Low  Coimtries;  2)  Namur;  3)  stay;  4)  to  do  honor. 

b  Stilts  are  used  for  both  business  and  pleasure  by  the  people  of  Namur. 
1)  to  be  well  used  to;  2)  low;  3)  overflow;  4)  slim. 

c  The  young  men  fought  as  opposing  armies. 
1)  flags  flying;  2)  trumpets  blowing. 

d  The  assault  was  limited  to  an  attempt  to  throw  the  opponents  from 
their  stilts. 
1)  club;  2)  fist;  3)  elbow;  4)  to  kick. 

e  The  battle  lasted  for  an  hour  or  two,  and  was  abetted  by  wives  and 
sisters. 
1)  to  advance;  2)  to  retreat;  3)  warrior;  4)  hand-clapping;  5)  to  hasten 
to  the  assistance. 

f  It  was  rough,  but  rarely  dangerous  sport. 
1)  combatant;  2)  to  depend;  3)  sore. 

g  Marshal  Saxe  remarked  the  fierceness  of  the  contest. 
1)  fury;  2)  butchery. 

160.— THE  LEGEND   OF  BOMERE  POOL 

a  Few  of  the  sinful  inhabitants  of  the  village  were  turned  from  their 
wicked  ways  by  the  prayers  of  the  old  priest. 
1)  hollow;  2)  mere;  3)  wicked  race;  4)  idolatrous;  5)  Thor;  6)  Woden; 
7)  mockery;  8)  to  laugh  to  scorn;  9)  skirt;  10)  cassock;  11)  to 
pelt;  12)  to  dismay;  13)  rivulet. 

b  The  warning  of  the  old  priest  was  met  witlTshouts  of  derision. 
1)  December;  2)  to  swell;  3)  fuel;  4)  barrier;  5)  peat;  6)  channel; 
7)  superfluous;  8)  to  croak;  9)  kill-joy. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  241 

c  Shortly  after  the  beginning  of  the  midnight  Mass  the  whole  village 
was  submerged. 
1)  heathen;  2)  revelry;  3)  to  usher;  4)  stormy;  5)  torrent;  6)  deafening 
roar;  7)  Sanctus  bell;  8)  bell-cot. 

d  The  bell  is  still  heard. 
1)  to  sail;  2)  to  toll. 

161.— THE  DEATH  OF  MARY  STUART 

a  Queen  Mary  advanced  with  all  her  former  majesty,  and  even  at  the 
scaffold  refused  assistance. 
l)Pawlet;  2)  Drury;  3)  Earl  of  Shrewsbury;  4)  Kent;  5)  Scottish; 
6)  Melville;  7)  to  offer  one's  arm. 

b  A  last  chance  was  offered,  and  refused,  and  Mary  prayed. 

1)  Dean  of  Peterborough;  2)  to  persist;  3)  circuit;  4)  Latin;  5)  Book 
of  Psalms;  6)  afflicted;  7)  Church;  8)  James;  9)  Elizabeth; 
10)  popish;   11)  trumpery. 

c  Not  the  maids  but  the  executioners  prepared  her  for  the  execution. 
1)  perquisite;  2)  to  remonstrate;  3)  groom;  4)  lamentable;  5)  to  solicit. 

d  Mary  was  bhndfolded,  led  to  the  block,  and  executed. 

1)  Kennedy;  2)  to  disconcert;  3)  headsman;  4)  to  sever;  5)  to  convulse. 

e  The  fanatical  exclamations  of  the  Earls  received  no  response. 
1)  to  subjoin;  2)  fanatical;  3)  to  absorb. 

162.— THE   DEMONIAC 

a  Juba  discovered  a  strange  power  within  him,  but  could  not  rid  him- 
self of  it. 
1)  demoniac;  2)  flinty;  3)  tunic;  4)  shred. 

b  The  tyrannizing  power  uttered   blasphemies  which  Juba  himself 
loathed. 
1)  conception;  2)  bravado;  3)  loathing;  4)  to  tjrrannize. 

e  Even  the  wild  beasts  feared  him. 
1)  preternatural;  2)  to  prowl. 

d  He  slew  a  beast  of  prey,  and  sucked  its  blood. 
I)  draught. 


242  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

e  He  comes  upon  the  rustic  celebration,  destroys  the  idol,  and  escapes. 
1)  rustic;  2)  Pan;  3)  hideous;  4)  to  caper;  5)  to  lap;  6)  mingled  blood 
and  dust. 

f  The  Christian  Bishop  passes  Juba,  and  calls  him. 
1)  Caecilius;   2)  Victor;   3)  dark  road;   4)  sudden  cry;   5)  tall  form; 
6)  remarkable  figure. 

g  Juba  hesitated,  but  at  last  approached,  and  rebuked  CaeciHus. 
1)  hypocrite;  2)  hoimd  of  a  priest. 

h  The  bishop  made  the  sign  of  the  cross,  and  commanded  him  to  come. 

i  Juba  obeys,  but  threatens  to  destroy  the  Bishop,  yet  at  the  sign  of 
the  cross  follows. 
1)  savage  wolf;  2)  to  stand  one's  ground;  3)  to  quail;  4)  manifest 
antagonism. 

163.— THE  PLAGUE   OF  THE   LOCUSTS 

a  The  sound  from  the  cloud  announced  the  locusts. 
1)  plague;  2)  harsh;  3)  shrill;  4)  whizzing;  5)  portent. 

b  This  army,  with  its  furlong  square  of  vanguard,  could  be  stopped  by 
nothing. 
1)  compact  body;   2)  vanguard;   3)  from  front  to  rear;  4)  copse; 

5)  olive  woods;  6)  orangery;  7)  palm  plantation;  8)  deep  forest; 
9)  stubble;  10)  lavish  of  lives. 

c  They  destroyed  the  food  of  rich  and  poor. 

1)  harvester;  2)  lodging;  3)  far-famed;  4)  African;  5)  Roman  popu- 
lace; 6)  beforehand;  7)  glutton  invaders. 

d  They  destroy  all  the  magnificence  of  Sicca,  and  pass  on. 

1)  Sicca;  2)  to  surmount;  3)  parapet;  4)  luxurious  chamber ;  5)  forage; 

6)  rioters;  7)  array;  8)  gilding;  9)  triclinitun;  10)  viand;  11)  mys- 
terious instinct;  12)  aught;  13)  reckless;  14)  strong  of  appetite; 
15)  certain  of  conquest. 

e  They  die  in  loathsome  swarms  outside  the  city,  and  cause  a  plague. 
1)  steaming  underwood;  2)  green  swamp;  3)  sheltered  valley;  4)  hide- 
ous; 5)  to  issue.  — ' 

f  The  country  folk  seek  refuge  in  the  city,  but  in  vain. 
1)  overseer;  2)  quarantine;  3)  hovel. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  243 


164.— THE  VILLAGE  PREACHER 

a  The  preacher,  caring  little  for  the  vanities  of  the  world,  lived  in  a 
modest  mansion. 
1)  copse;  2)  garden;  3)  wild;  4)  shrub;  5)  passing  rich;  6)  to  fawn; 
7)  doctrine;  8)  to  raise  the  wretched. 

b  Vagrants  found  shelter  at  his  fireside,  and  pity  at  his  hands. 

1)  vagrant  train;  2)  to  chide;  3)  wandering;  4)  beggar;  5)  spendthrift; 

6)  broken  soldier;  7)  guest;  8)  vice;  9)  charity. 

c  With  a  heart  full  of  love,  he  tried  to  allure  his  fellows  to  better  Hves. 
1)  to  relieve;  2)  duty;  3)  to  watch  and  weep;  4)  to  pray;  5)  to  feel  for 
all;  6)  new-fledged  offspring;  7)  brighter  world. 

d  He  was  a  comfort  to  the  dying. 

1)  bed;  2)  parting  life;  3)   sorrow;  4)   guilt;  5)  pain;  6)   despair; 

7)  struggling  soul;  8)  faltering  accent. 

e  He  was  a  holy  man,  commanding  respect  in  the  pulpit,  and  wanning 
love  out  of  it. 
1)  meek;  2)  zeal;  3)  rustic;  4)  lore. 

165.— THE   CASHIER 

a  The  choleric  cashier  belonged  to  the  race  of  beaux. 

1)  Evans;  2)   Cambro-Briton;  3)   choleric  complexion;  4)   sensible; 

5)  powdered  and  frizzed  out;  6)  Maccaronies. 

b  His  haunted  imagination  cleared  up  as  the  day  passed. 

1)  melancholy;  2)  gib-cat;  3)  counter;  4)  defaulter;  5)  hypochondry; 

6)  neck  of  veal;  7)  Anderton*s  coffee-house;  8)  meridian  of  ani- 
mation; 9)  hour  of  tea  and  visiting. 

c  Parlor  gossip  was  his  forte. 

1)  rap;  2)  bachelor;  3)  chirp;  4)  Pennant;  5)  London;  6)  Rosamond's 
pond;  7)  Mulberry  Gardens;  8)  Hog  Lane;  9)  Cheap. 

166.— DAVID   AND    GOLIATH 

a  Unaccustomed  to  armor,  David  preferred  to  meet  the  Philistine  in 
shepherd's  attire. 
1)  Saul;  2)  garment;  3)  helmet;  4)  coat  of  mail;  5)  staff;  6)  smooth 
stone;  7)  scrip. 


244  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

b  The  Philistine,  meeting  David,  showed  his  contempt. 

1)  to  draw  nigh;  2)  armor  bearer;  3)  ruddy;  4)  comely;  5)  dog. 

c  (C)  Confident  in  the  Lord,  David  prophesied  that  he  would  conquer 
and  give  over  the  PhiHstines  to  slaughter. 
1)  sword;  2)  shield;  3)  Lord  of  Hosts;  4)  Israel;  5)  carcass;  6)  bird  of 
the  air;  7)  beast  of  the  earth. 

d  David  killed  Gohath  with  his  sling. 
1)  forehead;  2)  to  fall  upon  one's  face. 

e  He  cut  off  his  head  with  the  captured  sword. 

1)  to  prevail  over;  2)  to  stand  over;  3)  to  draw  out;  4)  sheath. 

f  The  victorious  Israehtes  pursued  the  PhiHstines. 

1)  champion;  2)  Israel;  3)  Juda;  4)  Accaron;  5)  Saraim;  6)  Geth; 
7)  to  fall  wounded. 


167.— THE   HALL  FARM 

a  As  the  rustic  gate  hanging  from  its  stone  pillar  is  never  opened,  we 
will  look  at  the  house  through  the  bars. 
1)  hemlock;   2)    stone-built;   3)    carnivorous   affability;   4)    coping; 
5)  grassy  inclosure. 

b  In  the  old  house  of  lichen-covered  brick  we  remarked  the  patched 
windows  and  the  splendid  door  which  is  never  opened. 
1)  powdery  lichen;  2)  irregularity;  3)  companionship;  4)  sonorous; 
5)  liveried  lackey;  6)  carriage  and  pair. 

c  The  house  would  seem  deserted  were  it  not  for  the  barking  of  dogs 
and  the  bleating  of  calves. 
1)  chancery  suit;    2)  booming  bark;    3)  gorse-built  hovel;    4)  silly; 

5)  reference. 

d  In  imagination  we  inspect  the  curious  contents  of  the  room. 

1)  trespasser;  2)  impunity;  3)  clothes-horse;  4)  pillion;  5)  mutilation; 

6)  to  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to. 

e  It  is  the  residence  of  a  former  country  squire. 

1)  watering  place;  2)  genteel;  3)  resonant;  4)  focus;  5)  to  radiate. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  245 


168.— THE  TOURNAMENT 

a  The  crowd  were  expectant  as  Bois-Guilbert  and  Ivanhoe  entered 
the  lists. 
1)  lists;  2)  to  strain;  3)  to  terminate;  4)  encounter;  5)  spectator. 

b  The  combatants  closed  in  the  center  of  the  lists;   but  neither  was 
unhorsed. 
1)  champion;  2)  to  close;  3)  thunderbolt;  4)  to  burst  into  shivers; 

5)  address  of  the  riders;  6)  to  glare;  7)  vizor;  8)  attendant. 

c  The  applause  of  the  spectators  died  away  into  silence  before  the 
second  onset. 
1)  acclamation;  2)  to  attest;  3)  to  grace;  4)  to  resume;  5)  station* 

d  At  a  sign  from  Prince  John  the  trumpets  sounded  the  onset. 
1)  combatant;  2)  truncheon;  3)  dexterity;  4)  to  recover. 

e  As  Ivanhoe  struck  Bois-Guilbert,  the  latter's  saddle  girth  burst. 
1)  antagonist;  2)  to  reel;  3)   career;  4)  irresistible;  5)   to  render; 

6)  reputation;  7)  to  chance. 

f  The  marshals  prevented  the  enraged  Templar  from  using  his  sword. 
1)  to  extricate;  2)  stirrup;  3)  steed;  4)  to  unsheathe;  5)  to  spur;, 
6)  species. 

169.— THE  HALL  OF  CEDRIC  THE  SAXON 

a  The  great  hall,  with  its  folding  doors,  and  thatched  roof,  was  black- 
ened with  smoke. 
1)  disproportioned;     2)  rafter;     3)  clanking;     4)  clumsy;     5)  vent;, 
6)  low-browed  hall;  7)  to  incrust;  8)  implement. 

b  The  dining  hall  was  arranged  in  Saxon  simplicity. 

1)  to  pique  one's  self;  2)  flooring;  3)  dais;  4)  distinction;  5)  scar- 
let; 6)  transversely;  7)  domestic;  8)  antique;  9)  massive^ 
10)  settle;  11)  canopy;  12)  dignitary. 

c  The  hangings  and  carpets  were  gaudily  embroidered,  though  the 
lower  hall  was  uncarpeted. 
1)  to  adorn;   2)  tapestry;  3)  brilliant;  4)  range  of  table;  5)  rude. 

d  Two  elevated  chairs  were  provided  for  the  master  and  mistress. 
1)  to  preside;    2)  hospitality;   3)  to  signify;   4)  curiously;   5)  inlaid; 
6)  distinction. 


246  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


170.— CEDRIC  THE  SAXON 

a  The  irascible  Cedric  was  powerful,  well  built,  and  not  gray,  though 
almost  sixty  years  old. 
1)  frank;     2)  choleric;     3)  middle    stature;     4;  broad-shouldered; 
5)  long-armed;      6)  powerfully    made;      7)  chase;     8)  lodge; 

9)  hasty  temper;     10)  to   assert;     11)  invasion;     12)  upon  the 
alert;  13)  yellow  hair. 

b  He  was  clad  in  Saxon  fashion,  rich  but  almost  barbaric. 

1)  forest  green;  2)  furred;  3)  ermine;  4)  doublet;  5)  a  close  dress  of 
scarlet;   6)  to  sit  tightly;   7)  sandal;   8)  peasant;   9)  to  secure; 

10)  golden-clasped;  11)  to  stud;  12)  to  dispose;  13)  perpendicu- 
lar. 

c  His  scarlet  cloak,  matching  his  cap,  was  thrown  over  the  chair  against 
which  his  boar-spear  leaned. 
1)  richly    embroidered;     2)  opulent    landholder;     3)  to    go    forth; 
4)  boar-spear;   5)  to  recline;   6)  staff;   7)  chance. 


171.— LEAR 

a  Lear  determined  to  divide  hie  kingdom,  giving  the  greatest  part  to 
the  daughter  that  loved  him  most. 
1)  grown   old;    2)  to    bestow   in   marriage;    3)  to   ask   solemnly; 
4)  warmth  of  affection. 

b  The  eldest  expressed  love  for  him  greater  than  for  her  own  soul,  and 

received  her  share;  in  hke  manner  Regan,  but  Cordelia  expressed 

her  honest  love  for  him. 

1)  Goneril;  2)  eldest,    3)  weakness;  4)  to  make  answer;  5)  above  her 

soul;    6)  decUning  age;    7)  hitherto;    8)  best  beloved;    9)  solid 

purpose;  10)  virtuous  answer. 

c  CordeUa  again  expressed  less  than  her  real  love,  wherefore  the  king- 
dom was  divided  befween  the  other  daughters,  and  she  married  a 
French  Prince. 
1)  to  persist;  2)  to  recall;  3)  to  restrain  her  expression;  4)  to  rever- 
ence. 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  247 

d  King  Lear  tried  to  live  with  Goneril  and  Regan,  in  turn,  but  was 
refused,  and  sought  CordeHa  to  confess  his  injustice. 
1)  to  complain;  2)  to  resent;  3)  affront;  4)  to  betake  himself;  5)  to 
soothe   wounded   pride;     6)  retinue;    7)  to   take  his  journey; 
8)  kind  consideration;  9)  recompense. 

e  CordeHa  heard  of  his  coming  and  of  his  condition,  and  sent  servants 
to  have  him  properly  clad. 
1)  sad  condition;   2)  filial  tears;  3)  forlorn;  4)  to  convey;  5)  abode. 

f  Cordelia  went  in  state  to  meet  him,  and  by  means  of  her  husband's 
army  set  him  on  the  throne,  and  three  years  after  succeeded  him. 
1)  in  state;  2)  honorable  reception;  3)  to  prosper;  4)  consort. 


172.— THE  PRODIGAL  SON 

a  The  younger  of  two  sons  asked,  and  received  his  patrimony. 
1)  portion  of  substance;  2)  to  fall  to  me;  3)  to  divide  unto. 

b  This  son  went  away,  squandered  his  fortune,  and  was  reduced  to  the 
lowest  condition  of  life. 
1)  abroad;   2)  riotously;  3)  mighty  famine;  4)  to  cleave  to  a  citizen; 
5)  fain;  6)  husk. 

c  He  recalled  his  happy  home,  and  resolved  to  return  and  acknowledge 
his  sin. 
1)  to  return  to  himself;  2)  to  abound  with  bread;  3)  to  perish. 

d  He  returned,  and  was  received  with  great  rejoicing. 

1)  to  rise  up;    2)  a  great  way  off;   3)  moved  with  compassion;   4)  to 
fall  upon  one's  neck;  5)  the  first  robe;  6)  to  make  merry. 

e  The  eldest  son  returning  from  the  field,  and  hearing  what  had  hap- 
pened, was  angry. 
1)  to  draw  nigh. 

f  The  father  told  his  angry  son  that  all  at  home  was  his,  and  gave  an 
explanation  of  the  rejoicing. 
1)  to  entreat;  2)  to  transgress;  3)  to  devour  one's  substance;  4)  har- 
lot; 5)  fit;  6)  to  come  to  life. 


248  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 


173.— THE  CLOUD 

a  I  bring  weal  and  woe  to  leaves  and  flowers  and  plains. 

1)  to  thirst;  2)  to  rock;  3)  breast;  4)  to  wield  the  flail;  5)  to  lash. 

b  Basking  in  heaven's  smile,  I  sleep  on  my  white  pillow,  while  my  pilot 
ranges  far,  and  dissolves  in  rain. 
1)  to  sift;  2)  aghast;   3)  arm;  4)  skyey;   5)  to  fetter;   6)  pilot;  7)  to 
lure;  8)  purple  sea;  9)  genius;   10)  rill. 

c  At  mom,  like  an  eagle,  the  sun  rides  on  my  rack,  and  at  evening  1 
rest  on  my  airy  nest. 
1;  sanguine;    2)  meteor;    3)  plume;    4)  crag;    5)  ardor;    6)  crimson 
pall;  7)  brooding  dove. 

d  Sometimes  the  moon  breaks  the  roof  of  my  tent,  and  then  the  stars 
show  above  me  in  the  skies  and  below  me  in  the  streams. 
1)  orbM  maiden;  2)  white  fire;   3)  fleece-like;   4)  woof;   5)  to  peer; 
6)  swarm  of  golden  bees;  7)  rent. 

e  After  obscuring  sun  and  moon,  and  covering  all  the  sky  at  my  will,  I 
march  through  my  triumphal  arch. 
1)  burning  zone;  2)  girdle  of  pearl;   3)  to  reel;   4)  to  unfurl;   5)  col- 
umn; 6)  million-colored;  7)  sphere-fire. 

f  I  have  many  shapes,  but  I  never  die. 
1)  nursling;  2)  pose;  3)  cenotaph;  4)  cavern. 


174.— THE  CULPRIT  FAY 

;a  Clad  in  his  armor,  gathered  from  thistle  and  bug,  the  culprit  fay 
mounted  his  firefly  steed,  and  rode  away. 
1)  plumed;   2)  corslet  plate;  3)  mingled  dies;  4)  the  quivering  lance; 
5)  to  brandish;  6)  to  bestride;  7)  to  skim  the  heavens;  8)  fiery 
trail. 

h  He  enjoyed  the  clear  moonhght  and  starry  heavens,  but  made  no 
stop  till  he  came  to  the  bank  of  the  milky-way,  where  he  halted  to 
watch  the  shooting  planets. 
1)  starry  plain;  2)  cooling  breath;  3)  elfin;  4)  courser. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  249 

c  The  sylphs  surround  the  fay,  and  lead  him  and  his  steed  to  the  palace 
of  their  queen. 
1)  to  weave  the  dance;  2)  warblings  wild;  3)  clouds  of  amber;  4)  re- 
splendent;    5)  spiral   columns;    6)  the   morning's  rosy  blush; 
7)  feathery  fleece. 

d  The  fay  is  entranced  by  the  sylphid  queen,  clothed  in  her  mantle  of 
gold  and  jewels. 
1)  rainbow;   2)  the  purple  rolled  at  twilight;   3)  threads  of  dawning 
gold;    4)  sparkling  star;    5)  beamlet;    6)  welkin  blue;   7)  dewy 
even. 

e  The  queen  ordered  a  sable  car  for  the  fay,  and  bade  him  fly  to  the 
north,  where  a  star  would  soon  fall. 
1)  to  hover;    2)  fiend  of  upper  air;    3)  shadowy  shroud;    4)  verge; 
5)  northern  sky. 

f  The  fay  speeds  on  till  he  reaches  the  northern  plain. 
1)   wings  of  the   blast;    2)   the   cloudy  wain;     3)   flickering  star; 

4)  rocket-light. 

g  The  star  rocks,  and  trembles,  and  grows  dim,  but  finally  bursts  forth 
in  flame,  and  shoots  across  the  heavens. 
1)  vault  of  heaven;    2)  summer  gale;    3)  fitful;    4)  rayless  beam; 

5)  storm  spirit;   6)  sheeted  sky. 

h  The  elfin,  protected  by  the  sylphid  charm,  gallops  unhurt  into  the 
shower  of  fire,  catches  a  glimmering  spark,  and  speedily  returns 
with  it  to  the  fairy  ground. 
1)  as  swift  as  the  wind;    2)  cloud  fiend;    3)  flake;    4)  lightning's 
speed;  5)  midnight  dark. 


175._PARADISE  AND  THE  PERI 

a  A  Peri,  looking  in  at  the  gate  of  Eden,  mourned  her  loss. 

1)  Peri;     2)  Eden;     3)  disconsolate;     4)  portal;     5)  recreant    race; 
6)  glorious. 

b  The  angel  at  the  gate  beheld  her,  and  was  moved. 

1)  angel;  2)  to  behold;  3)  to  draw  near;  4)  tear-drop;  5)  to  glisten; 
6)  eyelid;  7)  fountain. 


250  FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH 

c  (C)  The  angel   told   the   Peri  that  she  might  obtain  pardon  by 
bringing  Heaven's  dearest  gift  to  the  gate. 
1)  nymph;    2)   gently;    3)   book  of  fate;    4)   Peri;   5)   to  forgive; 

6)  heaven;  7)  to  redeem;  8)  sin. 

d  On  hearing  this,  the  Peri  fled. 

1)  comet;  2)  fleeter;  3)  starry;  4)  brand;  5)  to  fling;  6)  daring;  7)  em- 
pjrreal  height;  8)  blue  vault. 

e  At  the  sound  of  the  vesper  bell,  the  Syrian  boy  knelt,  facing  the 
South,  to  say  his  prayers. 
1)  hark;  2)  vesper;  3)  Syria;  4)  minaret;  5)  fragrant;  6)  sod;  7)  to 
lisp;  8)  cherub;  9)  God;  10)  Paradise;  11)  to  stray. 

f  The  wretched,  sinful  man  at  his  side  was  moved  to  tears  of  repent- 
ance at  sight  of  the  boy's  piety. 
1)  to  recline;  2)  memory;  3)  strife;  4)  blessed;  5)  haply;  6)  aim; 

7)  to  weep. 

g  (C)  The  Peri  mused  that  the  tear  of  repentance  had  power  to  heal 
the  disease  of  sin  like  some  magic  drop  that  fell  from  the  moon. 
1)  June;  2)  Egypt;  3)  feeling;  4)  balmy;  5)  contagion;  6)  to  descend; 
7)  to  reanimate;  8)  foul;  9)  plague;  10)  to  dispel. 

h  A  light  fell  upon  the  repentant  sinner  which  the  Peri  knew  was  a 
smile  from  the  angel  of  Paradise. 
1)  golden  orb;  2)  to  linger;  3)  meek;  4)  to  dew;  5)  northern  flash; 
6)  meteor;  7)  to  enrapture;  8)  to  hail;  9)  harbinger. 

i  (C)  The  Peri,  having  now  won  Heaven,  said  a  joyous  farewell  to  this 
earth. 
1)  joy;  2)  to  win;  3)  odor;  4)  vanishing;  5)  wreath;  6)  Alia;  7)  forever. 


176.— THE  VISION  OF  MIRZA 

a  I  surveyed  the  bridge,  which  now  consisted  of  a  hundred  arches, 
though  at  one  time  there  had  been  a  thousand. 
1)  leisurely;  2)  to  consist;  3)  score;  4)  arch;  5)  flood;  6)  ruinous. 

b  I  noticed  a  great  many  trap-doors  in  the  bridged-through  which  many 
passengers  were  falling. 
1)  attentively;  2)  passenger;  3)  examination;  4)  trap-door;  5)   to 
tread  upon;  6)  pitfall. 


FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH  251 

c  Some  few  people  walked  along  the  broken  arches,  but  soon  fell. 
1)  to  continue;  2)  to  hobble;  3)  spent. 

d  I  gazed  upon  the  varied  crowd  with  deep  melancholy. 

1)  contemplation;  2)  structure;  3)  melancholy;  4)  mirth;  5)  jollity; 
6)  posture;  7)  speculation;  8)  to  stumble;  9)  to  glitter; 
10)  scimiter. 

e  On  the  other  side  of  the  bridge  I  saw  an  ocean  dotted  with  beautiful 
inhabited  islands,  and  I  longed  to  get  to  them. 
1)  ocean;  2)  adamant;  3)  innumerable;  4)  interwoven;  5)  habit; 
6)  harmony;  7)  perception;  8)  gates  of  death. 

f  These  islands  are  the  abodes  of  good  men  after  death. 
1)  mansion;  2)  to  excel;  3)  to  distribute;  4)  relish;  5)  perfection; 
6)  respective. 

177.— THE  STORM 

a  As  we  approached  the  sea,  we  became  more  and  more  aware  of  the 
dreadful  wind  that  was  lashing  the  water  inland. 
1)  to  struggle;  2)  to  blow  dead  on  shore;  3)  terrific;  4)  shower;  5)  Yar- 
mouth; 6)  puddle;  7)  breaker;  8)  horizon;  9)  interval;  10)  abyss. 

b  I  staggered  down  to  look  at  the  sea. 

1)  to  stagger;  2)  to  strew;  3)  seaweed;  4)  slates;  5)  beach;  6)  to  lurk. 

c  The  fury  of  the  advancing  and  receding  waves  seemed  to  threaten 
an  upheaving  of  all  nature. 
1)  tremendous;  2)  agitation;  3)  to  tumble;  4)  to  engulf;  5)  hoarse; 
6)  to  scoop  out;  7)  billows;  8)  fragments;  9)  wrath. 


178.— GULLIVER  IS  CARRIED  TO  LILLIPUT 

a  Skilled  in  mechanics,  the  LiUiputians  have  contrived  several  clever 
machines. 
1)  Lilliputians;  2)  mathematics;  3)  perfection;  4)  fixed  on  wheels; 
5)  carriage;  6)  men-of-war;  7)  wood;  8)  timber;  9)  engine. 

b  After  many  gigantic  efforts,  GuUiver  was  finally  lodged  in  the  largest 
vehicle  they  could  prepare,  and  drawn  off  to  the  metropoUs. 
1)  carpenter;   2)   engineer;   3)   frame   of  wood;  4)   inch;   5)   foot- 


252  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

6)  wheels;  7)  difficulty;  8)  pole;  9)  cord;  10)  pack-thread; 
11)  hook;  12)  body;  13)  leg;  14)  pulley;  15)  sleep;  16)  sopor- 
iferous  medicine;  17)  horse. 

c  After  a  long  journey,  during  which  a  ridiculous  accident  occurred, 
they  came  near  to  the  city's  gates. 
1)  journey;  2)  carriage;  3)  to  adjust;  4)  nature;  5)  curiosity;  6)  officer 
of  the  guard;  7)  half -pike;  8)  march;  9)  torch;  10)  bow;  11)  ar- 
row; 12)  emperor;  13)  to  mount  upon. 

179.— ROBINSON  CRUSOE  DISCOVERS  THE  FOOTPRINT 

a  Surprised  at  seeing  a  footprint  on  the  shore,  I  fled  home  in  terror. 
1)  apparition;  2)  impression;  3)  to  observe;  4)  fancy;  5)  fluttering; 
6)  confused;  7)  affrighted;  8)  unaccountable. 

b  I  entered  my  hut  in  the  greatest  haste. 

1)  to  pursue;  2)  ladder;  3)  to  flee  to  cover;  4)  retreat. 

c  How  strange  that  I  should  be  afraid  of  a  human  footprint,  after  I 
had  so  long  sighed  for  human  company. 
1)  checker-work;  2)  Providence;  3)  affection;  4)  apprehension;  5)  to 
exemplify;  6)  to  banish;  7)  to  circumscribe;  8)  salvation;  9)  to 
bestow. 

d  On  examining  the  footprint  a  second  time,  and  finding  that  it  could 
not   be   my   own,  I   concluded   that   there   were   people  on   tlie 
island  and  was  filled  with  new  terror. 
1)  bold;  2)  to  persuade  myself;  3)  similitude;  4)  evidently;  5)  there- 
abouts; 6)  ague;  7)  co  inhabit;  8)  security;  9)  ridiculous:  10)  reso- 
lution. 

180.— STORM  AT  SEA 

a  All  was  in  repose  save  the  clouds  and  the  rustling  wind. 
1)  sable  pall;  2)  clump;  3)  giant  plume;  4)  to  creep;  5)  trail. 

b  Whither  go  the  clouds  and  the  v^nd? 

1)  eagerly;  2)  guilty  spirits;  3)  to  repair;  4)  conference. 

c  On  the  ocean  the  blasts  are  lashing  the  waters  into  fury. 

1)  cramped;  2)  waste  of  water;  3)  to  shriek;  4)  cavern;  5)  to  rushj 
6)  unchecked;  7)  to  buffet;  8)  raving. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  253 

d  Through  the  mad  confusion  of  the  billows  is  heard  the  cry,  "A  ship". 
1)  heaving;  2)  to  spout;  3)  to  whiten;  4)  clamorous;  5)  wild  cry; 
6)  constancy;  7)  incessant. 

e  The  trembling  ship  oomes  on  through  the  storm. 

1)  gallant;  2)  timber;  3)  curling  billow;  4)  hollow;  5)  fury. 

f  The  ship  defies  the  fury  of  the  waves  all  night  long. 
1)  mariner;  2)  to  start  up;  3)  to  surge;  4)  moaningly;  5)  multitude; 
6)  thick  and  fast;  7)  untiring;  8)  to  bear  down  upon;  9)  hull; 
10)  to  peer;  11)  unfathomable. 


181.— THE  BURNING  OF  NEWGATE 

a  The  mob  started  a  bonfire  with  the  jailer's  furniture  at  the  prison 
gate. 
1)  to  besiege;  2)  jailer;  3)  fragment;  4)  pitch;  5)  resin;  6)  turpentine; 
7)  joist;  8)  infernal;  9)  blazing  tow. 

b  Though  the  heat  was  intense  and  many  fainted,  the   men   kept 
feeding  the  flames. 
1)  to  parch;  2)  to  crumble  away;  3)  window  sash;  4)  to  blister;  5)  in- 
cautious; 6)  eaves;  7)  to  slacken;  8)  to  keep  aloof;  9)  to  swoon; 
10)  unendurable. 

c  The  door  began  to  yield. 

1)  hinge;  2)  upright;  3)  gap;  4)  to  descry;  5)  cavernous. 

d  As  the  jail  could  hold  out  no  longer,  the  inmates  tried  to  escape. 
1)  fiercely;  2)  to  shield;  3)  readiness;  4)  to  crawl;  5)  oflicer. 

ft  The  door  fell. 

I)  to  settle;   2)  cinders;   3)  to  totter;   4)  to  yield. 

182.— THE  DEATH  OF  BILL  SIKES 

a  No  sooner  had  Sikes  entered  the  house  than  a  loud  knock  was  heard. 
1)  to  burst  into;   2)  hoarse  murmur;   3)  to  quail. 

b  The  furious  mob  tried  to  get  at  the  murderer. 

1)  infuriated;  2)  murderer;  3)  to  roar;  4)  ladder;  5)  sledge-hammer; 
6)  torch;  7)  impotent;  8)  execration;  9)  crevice. 


254  FUNDAMENTAL  ENGLISH 

c  (C)  The  murderer  demanded  a  rope  for  his  escape. 
1)  ditch;  2)  to  clear  off;  3)  to  kill. 

d  Appearing  on  the  roof  with  a  rope,  the  murderer  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  crowd  below. 
1)  panic-stricken;     2)  to    select;     3)  to    emerge;     4)  to    proclaim; 

5)  throng;  6)  to  put  around. 

e  Sikes,  having  fastened  the  rope  to  the  chimney,  prepared  to  let  him- 
self down. 
1)  energy;  2)  risk;  3)  to  protrude;  4)  noose;  5)  knife. 

f  The  murderer  uttered  a  yell  of  terror. 
1)  loop;  2)  previous;  3)  armpits. 

g  He  fell,  and  the  noose,  tightening  about  his  neck,  choked  him. 

1)  parapet;     2)  bowstring;     3)  jerk;     4)  convulsion;     5)  to    hang; 

6)  to  quiver;  7)  lifeless. 

183.— JOHN  TIPP 

a  John  Tipp  contentedly  considered  himself  a  great  accountant. 
1)  to  pretend  to;  2)  to  care  a  fig;  3)  accountant. 

b  His  hobby  was  to  gather  in  his  suite  of  rooms  a  small  crowd  of  singers 
and  musicians,  and  to  improvise  concerts  with  them. 
1)  hobby;     2)  Orpheum;     3)  Ijnre;     4)  suite;     5)  clarionet;     6)  Lord 
Midas. 

c  At  his  desk,  however,  Tipp  was  entirely  engaged  with  his  accounts. 
1)  romantic;   2)  dividend  warrant;   3)  balance;   4)  farthing. 

d  His  character  and  actions  were  formal. 

1)  executor;   2)  executorship;   3)  spleen;   4)  ratio;   5)  tenacity. 

e  Tipp's  timidity  showed  itself  in  many  small  details,  but  it  was  all 
owing  to  his  desire  for  self-preservation. 
1)  self-preservation;  2)  temperament;  3)  "Fortinbras";   4)  parapet; 
5)  water-party. 

184.— THE  CHARIOT  RACE 

a  To  the  peal  of  the  trumpet  the  ten  charioteers  dashed  forward. 
1)  amphitheater;  2)  to  forge  to  the  front;  3)  to  plunge. 

b  In  the  seventh  dash,  the  Aenean's  steeds  crashed  into  the  Lybian's 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  255 

chariot,  and,  as  the  two  cars  went  down,  six  oncoming  chariots 
were  piled  on  top  of  them. 
1)  Aenean;  2)  Lybian. 

c  The  Athenian  and  Orestes  escaped  the  wrecked  mass,  and  side  by 
side  raced  down  the  course. 
1)  spurt;  2)  flying  mares. 

d  Orestes'  wheel  struck  the  pillar,  the  axle  snapped,  the  chariot  crashed 
to  pieces,  and  the  horses  dragged  the  mangled  body  down  the 
course. 
1)  wheeling;  2)  to  snap. 

e  Orestes'  attendants  finally  caught  the  steeds,  but  the  body  was  too 
badly  mangled  to  be  recognized. 
1)  to  sicken;  2)  demeanor;  3)  wreckage. 

185.— A  HIGHLAND  EXECUTION 

a  The  messenger  who  had  brought  the  summons  to  the  trysting,  and 
who  had  been  kept  as  a  hostage,  was  dragged  forth  on  the  command 
of  MacGregor's  wife. 
1)  humane. 

b  The  hostage,  humihated  and  in  agony,  begged  for  hfe. 

1)  plaid;  2)  ecstasy;  3)  eloquent;  4)  inconsistency;  5^  Rashleigh. 

c  MacGregor's  wife  regarded  the  plea  with  scorn. 
1)  loathing;  2)  boon. 

d  The  captive  was  hurried  to  the  cliff,  overhanging  the  flood,  and  in  his 
agony  appealed  to  me  for  help. 
1)  prostrate;  2)  to  haunt;  3)  articulate. 

e  With  a  stone  tied  to  his  neck,  the  victim  was  hurled  into  the  lake 
below,  amid  shouts  of  triumph. 
1)  halloo;  2)  vindictive;  3)  poleaxe. 

186.— OCTOBER 

a  In  Italy  on  an  October  day  the  sun's  course  from  dawn  to  twihght  is 
glorious  and  full  of  splendor, 
l)  Indian  Prince;  2)  largess;  3)  Ophir. 


256  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

b  Though  mild,  the  sun*s  ray  is  active  in  maturing  the  grape. 
1)  to  shrivel;  2)  tendril;  3)  to  mantle;  4)  luxurious;  5)  opal. 

c  It  is  pleasant  to  watch  the  varying  landscape  from  some  spot  on  the 
hillside. 
1)  cypress;  2)  ilex;  3)  adust;  4)  melancholy;  5)  portico;  6)  to  feast 
one's  eyes;  7)  villa. 

187.— CHARYBDIS 

a  One  stormy  night  a  fisherman  rowed  far  out  to  sea. 

1)  coast;    2)  Southern  Italy;    3)  cockle  shell;    4)  gale;    5)  buoyant; 
6)  bark;  7)  placid;  8)  glassy;  9)  shouting. 

b  Ilis  bark  refused  to  move  toward  those  who  called  him,  and  per- 
sisted in  making  spiral  curves. 
1)  family  boat;    2)  to  cry  aloud;    3)  to  wave;    4)  lustily;    5)  skiff; 

6)  craft. 

c  Despairing  of  controlling  his  craft,  he  threw  up  his  arms  frantically. 
1)  tunic;   2)  madman;   3)  circle;   4)  funnel;   5)  hissing;   6)  sea  bird; 

7)  to  scream;  8)  Charybdis. 

d  Casting  himself  flat  in  his  boat,  he  was  drawn  down  into  the  abyss. 
1)  to  spin;  2)  ear;  3)  to  gurgle. 

188.— MOLL  WHITE 

a  An  odd-looking  creature  appUed  to  me  for  charity  as  I  was  walking 
near  the  woods  with  my  friend.  Sir  Roger. 
1)  dress;    2)  figiure;    3)  wrinkled  hag;    4)  aged;    5)  grown  double; 

6)  stick;    7)  to  mumble;   8)  galled  eyes;    9)  crooked  shoulders; 
10)  dress;  11)  color. 

b  The  country-folk  told  many  absurd  and  marvelous  tales  about  the 
witch,  Moll  White. 
1)  lip;  2)  switch;     3)  to    stumble;     4)  straw;     5)  figure;     6)  cross; 

7)  pin;    8)  dairymaid;    9)  churn;    10)  horse;    11)  hare. 

c  Entering  the  hovel,  my  companion  pointed  out  the  suspected  imple- 
ments of  her  art. 
1)  solitary  corner;    2)  broom  staff;    3)  tabby;    4)  chimney-corner: 
5)  prank. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  257 

d  I  smiled  to  see  that  my  friend  was  much  puzzled  about  the  old 
woman. 
1)  human    nature;     2)  wretched;     3)  disgrace;     4)  communication; 
5)  devil;  6)  cattle;  7)  boimty. 


189.— POMPEII 

a  The  crowd  in  the  ampliitheater  saw  a  vast  vapor  shooting  from  the 
summit  of  Vesuvius. 
1)  eye;  2)    gesture;    3)  Egyptian;    4)  dismay;    5)  fire;    6)  pine  tree; 
7)  fire;    8)  to   shift  and  waver;    9)  luminous;     10)  to   blaze; 
11)  glare. 

b  The  short,  dead  silence  was  broken  by  the  yell  of  the  lions. 

1)  heart-sunken;  2)  roar;  3)  to  echo  back;  4)  ampliitheater;  5)  fellow- 
beast;  6)  seer;  7)  prophet;  8)  wrath. 

c  Within,  all  were  struck  with  fear  and  fright;  without,  the  eruption 

steadily  became  more  violent,  spreading  its  terrors  farther  and 

farther. 

1)  s>iriek;  2)  woman;  3)  to  stare;  4)  dumb;  5)  earth;  6)  to  shake; 

7)   to   tremble;    8)   crash;    9)   mountain  cloud;    10)   torrent; 

11)  agitated  sea. 

d  A  fearful  panic  reigned  in  the  amphitheater. 

1)  safety;  2)  to  fly;  3)  to  dash;  4)  to  press;  5)  to  crush;  6)  reckless; 
7)  groan;  8)  prayer;  9)  shriek;  10)  passage;  11)  to  escape. 


190.— A  TYPEE  HOUSE 

a  Near  one  side  of  the  valley  stood  an  oddly  constructed  bamboo 

house. 

1)  midway;  2)  ascent;  3)  habitation;  4)  dwelling;  5)  summit;  6)  pile; 

7)   "pi-pi";  8)  veranda;  9)   stalk;   10)   wood  of  the  hibiscus; 

11)  thong;  12)  cocoanut  bough;  13)  shelving  roof;  14)  to  thatch; 

15)  palmetto;  16)  sinuate;  17)  impervious. 

b  It  was  not  a  large  house. 

1)  length;  2)  picturesque;  3)  breadth;  4)  aviary. 


258  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

c  The  interior  was  curious  enough. 

1)  narrow  aperture;  2)   to  polish;  3)   trunk;  4)  mat;  5)   pattern; 

6)  couch;  7)  divan;  8)  Oriental. 

d  Instead  of  wardrobes,  they  had  large  packages  hung  from  the  ridge- 
pole. 
1)  to  envelop;  2)  tappa;  3)  dress;  4)  bundle;  5)  to  lower;  6)  to  elevate, 

e  Various  implements  of  warfare  were  arranged  against  one  wall,  but 
all  articles  for  domestic  use  were  stored  in  a  shed  outside  the  habi- 
tation. 
1)  tasteful;  2)  figure;  3)   spear;  4)  javelin;  5)   savage;  6)   larder; 

7)  "poee-poee";  8)  culinary. 

191.— A  PROSPECT 

a  While  viewing  the  rolling  plain  below  us,  our  thoughts  are  lifted  up 
to  God. 
1)  gladness;  2)  to  expand;  3)  God;  4)  rolling;  5)  foliage;  6)  shade. 

b  The  great  city,  shrouded  in  smoke,  lies  below  us. 

1)  gigantic;  2)  to  gleam;  3)  ivory  whiteness;  4)  perpetual;  5)  canopy; 

6)  spire;  7)  shipping;  8)  complicated. 

c  Birds  are  singing,  and  flowers  are  breathing  sweetly  under  the  blue 
heavens. 
1)  himi;  2)  sunbeam;  3)  tiny;  4)  to  unweave;  5)  mazy;  6)  glossy; 

7)  surcoat;  8)  panoply;  9)  dome;  10)  lark. 

d  In  the  distance  is  heard  the  boom  of  cannon,  while  the  perch  quietly 
sail  in  the  pond. 
1)  unstartled;  2)  fleet;  3)  perch;  4)  enjoyment;  5)  to  minglCo 

192.— HECTOR  AND  ANDROMACHE 

a  As  Hector  was  about  to  issue  on  the  plain,  Andromache,  his  wife, 
with  her  maid,  carrying  the  child,  came  to  meet  him. 
1)  Scaean  gates;  2)  plain;  3)  Andromache;  4)  Eetion;  5)  Hector;  6)  to 
tend.  •* 

b  Andromache,  weeping,  addressed  her  husband. 
1)  to  gaze;  2)  to  weep;  3)  to  clasp;  4)  silently. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  259 

c  (C)  "  Abide  here,  for  if  you  are  slain,  I  shall  be  alone  in  the  world  ". 
1)  hardihood;  2)  to  undo;  3)  hapless;  4)  widow;  5)  Achaean;  6)  to 
slay;  7)  Achilles;  8)  CiUcians;  9)  Thebe;  10)  Hades;  11)  the 
archer  Artemis. 

d  (C)  Hector  answered:  "I  would  be  a  coward  if  I  remained  here  ". 
1)  glancing  plume;  2)  Trojan;  3)  coward;  4)  to  shrink;  5)  vaUant. 

e  The  cliild  shrank  from  Hector  until  he  had  removed  his  fierce-looking 
helmet;  after  which  Hector  kissed  him  and  prayed  for  him. 
1)  to  be  frightened;  2)  to  dread;  3)  bronze;  4)  to  nod;  5)  helmet; 
6)  Zeus;  7)  preeminent. 

f  (C)  Hector  spoke  a  last  farewell  to  his  wife. 
1)  tearfully;  2)  to  caress;  3)  sad;  4)  to  provide;  5)  Troy. 

g  With  many  tears  Andromache  returned  to  the  city,  and  bewailed 
Hector  while  he  was  still  alive. 
1)  crested;  2)  tear;  3)  mansion;  4)  household;  5)  to  escape. 

193.— THE  SNOWSTORM 

a  The  storm,  with  its  wind  and  darkness,  came  at  night. 
1)  to  moan;  2)  dark  as  a  wood;  3)  to  swirl;  4)  to  huddle. 

b  The  light  in  the  room  was  the  snow  light,  and  through  the  snow- 
beaten  window  showed  a  snow  world. 
1)  rafter;  2)  grizzly;  3)  moldy  oat-rick;  4)  lattice;  5)  gray  lime; 

6)  fern;  7)  dot;  8)  peck;  9)  cobweb. 

c  It  had  blocked  everything,  and  it  was  still  snowing. 
1)  water-course;  2)  saw-pit;  3)  leaden;  4)  mine. 

d  Though  there  was  a  strong  wind,  which  played  pranks  with  the  bil- 
lows, the  downfall  was  heavier. 
1)  to  curl;  2)  to  tuft;  3)  to  comb;  4)  to  rustle;  5)  cornice;  6)  to  groove; 
7)  whiff;  8)  to  channel;  9)  chine;  10)  herring-bone;  11)  to  pelt; 
12)  pitiless;  13)  murky;  14)  barb. 

c  The  sun,  when  he  came,  was  cold,  and  only  really  ht  up  a  little  circle 
around  him. 
1)  topmost;  2)  cheer;  3)  shaft;  4)  curtain;  5)  verge;  6)  purple-blue; 

7)  to  cluster. 

f  Such  a  frost  was  unheard  of,  and  even  burst  the  trees. 
1)  Frobisher;  2)  sharp;  3)  solemn. 


260  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 


194.— THE  SON  OF  THE  SUN 

a  Stung  by  the  words  of  Epaphus,  Phaethon  demanded  the  sun-car  of 
Phoebus. 
1)  to  discredit;  2)  Clymene. 

b  Phoebus  repented  quickly  of  his  rash  promise,  but  yielded  at  length, 
1)  palace;  2)  chariot;  3)  book;  4)  flaming  car;  5)  Jupiter;  6)  to  huri. 

c  With  the  disappearance  of  night,  the  chariot  was  made  ready,  and 
Phoebus  prepared  Phaethon. 
1)  chrysolite;  2)  rosy-fingered  Dawn;  3)  purple  door;  4)  to  strew; 

5)  ambrosia;  6)  unguent;  7)  to  endure. 

d  When  the  youth  was  in  his  seat  and  the  bars  let  down,  the  steeds 
started  on  their  way,  but  soon  perceived  that  something  was 
wrong. 
1)  agile;  2)  snorting;  3)  fiery;  4)  to  stamp;  5)  boundless  plain;  6)  to 
cleave;  7)  to  outrim;  8)  ballast;  9)  headlong;  10)  beaten  road. 

e  Phaethon  and  the  earth  were  on  fire. 

1)  hapless;  2)  breath  of  a  furnace;  3)  ash;  4)  pitchy;  5)  Ethiopia; 

6)  Lybian;  7)  nymph;  8)  disheveled;  9)  chink;  10)  Neptunejk; 
11)  to  screen;  12)  husky. 

f  Jupiter,  not  finding  a  cloud,  killed  Phaethon. 
1)  forked  lightning;  2)  shower;  3)  to  brandish;  4)  to  launch;  5)  shoot- 
ing star;  6)  Eridanus;  7)  Heliades;  8)  poplar. 


195.— THE  PUNISHMENT  OF  THE  IMPIOUS 

a  In  spite  of  heaven-sent  warnings,  Wilherm  Postik  persisted  in  his 
evil  ways. 
1)  to  forbid;    2)  pleasure;    3)  to  dance;    4)  to    drink;    5)  Mass; 
6)  God;  7)  ill  wind;  8)  mother;  9)  sister. 

b  When  the  peasants  went  off  to  pray  for  the  dead,  Wilherm  went  off 
on  one  of  his  carousals. 
1)  feast;  2)  dead;  3)  mourning  garments;  4)  church;  5)  neighboring 
town. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  261 

c  He  had  a  merry  night  of  it. 

1)  to  pray;  2)  souls  in  Purgatory;   3)  to  drink;   4)  brandy;   5)  sailor; 

6)  coarse  song;  7)  steady;  8)  active. 

d  Heated  with  drink,  he  strolled  homeward  in  a  jolly  mood. 

1)  to  sing;    2)  road;    3)  song;    4)  crucifix;    5)  to  lift  the  hat;    6)  U 
lower  the  voice;   7)  thicket;  8)  to  wound. 

e  It  was  a  dark,  weird  night  in  autumn. 

1)  moonless;  2)  to  rattle;  3)  leaf;  4)  spring;  5)  bush;  6)  to  shiver; 

7)  silence;  8)  to  frighten. 

f  It  was  the  witching  hour  of  midnight  when  he  entered  the  haunted 
valley. 
1)  bells;  2)  to  sound;  3)  to  whistle;  4)  cart;  5)  pall. 

g  Wilherm  met  a  hearse. 

1)  to  recognize;    2)  black  horse;    3)  Phantom  of  Death;    4)  iron 
whip;   5)  Paleface. 

h  Not  the  least  scared,  Wilherm  passed  on,  and  encountered  another 
ghost. 
1)  washerwoman    of   night;     2)  hedge    of    blackthorn;     3)  washing 
place;    4)  pounding;    5)  grave  clothes;    6)  beetle;    7)  ghostly; 

8)  shroud. 

i  The  ghosts  ran  up  to  him  while  he  laughed. 
1)  to  laugh;  2)  to  offer;  3)  winding  sheet;  4)  to  ring  out. 

j  He  comphed  with  their  request. 
1)  to  set  down;  2)  stick;  3)  shroud;  4)  twist;  5)  to  break  to  pieces. 

k  Surrounding  him,  his  ghostly  relatives  called  down,curses  on  his  head. 
1)  washerwoman;  2)  aunt;  3)  wife;  4)  mother;  5)  sister;  6)  a  thou- 
sand curses;  7)  Purgatory;  8)  to  shake  the  hair;  9)   moor; 
10)  hedge;  11)  voice. 

1  Wilherm,  frightened,  fell,  and  was  killed. 
1)  out  of  his  wits;   2)  hair;   3)  to  stand  up;   4)  dismay;   5)  to  press; 
6)  vise;    7)  iron  arm;   8)  to  stretch. 

196.— DON  QUIXOTE  AND  THE  WINDMILLS 

a  (C)  Don  Quixote  called  attention  to  a  number  of  windmills,  against 
which  he  intended  to  do  battle. 
1)  fortune;   2)  monstrous;    3)  spoils;    4)  righteous;    5)  evil  brood. 


262  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

b  (C)  Don  Quixote  claimed  the  windmills  were  giants,  and  ordered 
Sancho  Panza  to  prayer,  while  he  engaged  them  in  combat. 
1)  league;  2)  millstone;  3)  adventure;  4)  fierce  and  unequal. 

c  Don  Quixote  gave  spurs  to  his  steed,  while  Sancho  cried  after  him 
that  the  mills  were  not  giants. 
1)  heedless;     2)  positive;     3)  cowards;     4)  vile    beings;     5)  knight; 
6)  Rosinante. 

d  A  breeze  sprang  up,  and  the  sails  began  to  move. 
1)  flourish;  2)  giant  Briareus;  3)  to  reckon. 

e  He  charged  the  sails  with  his  lance,  and  he  and  the  horse  were  thrown 
to  the  ground. 
1)  to  commend;  2)  buckler;  3)  to  shiver;  4)  shock;  5)  in  rest. 

f  (C)  Sancho  came  to  his  assistance,  and  chid  him  for  his  mistake. 
1)  Your  Worship;  2)  to  mind. 

g  (C)  Don  Quixote  imagined  the  sage  Friston  had  changed  the  giants 
into  mills  out  of  enmity  against  him. 
1)  liable;   2)  fluctuation;   3)  vanquishing;   4)  avail. 

h  Sancho  Panza  consoled  him,  and  helped  him  to  mount  his  steed,  and 
both  set  out  for  Puerto  Lapice. 
1)  to  be  half  out. 

197.— THE  COUNTRY  MOUSE  AND  THE  CITY  MOUSE 

a  The  Country  Mouse  entertained  his  city  friend  as  best  he  could. 
I)  plain;   2)  playfellow;  3)  to  do  the  honors;  4)  gray  pease;   5)  par« 
ing;  6)  mellow;  7)  to  nibble;  8)  wheaten  straw. 

b  (C)  "Without  loss  of  time  you  should  move  from  this  hole  to  the 
city". 
I)  crony;    2)  to  be  free  with;    3)  nasty;    4)  melancholy;    5)  wood; 
6)  meadow;  7)  rivulet;  8)  chirping;  9)  rude  aspect. 

c  The  Country  Mouse  was  prevailed  on  to  go  to  town,  where  they  came 
upon  the  remains  of  a  feast. 
1)  to  prevail;  2)  entry;  3)  tidbit;  4)  to  purloin;  5)  window  seat. 

d  The  courtier  entertained  a  visitor,  who  was  i»ghly  pleased  with 
town  hfe,  for  a  few  moments,  and  who,  after  those  few  moments, 
expressed  other  views. 
1)  Persian;  2)  courtier;  3)  address;  4)  to  acquit  oneself;  5)  course; 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  263 

6)  clerk;  7)  epicure;  8)  to  tickle;  9)  turn  of  affairs;  10)  to 
scuttle;  11)  mastiff;  12)  to  make  the  house  echo;  13)  "Much 
good  may  it  do  you  ". 


198.— THE  MINOTAUR 

a  To  secure  peace  for  Athens,  Theseus  determined  to  destroy  the 
Minotaur. 
1)  Athens;     2)  Island  of  Crete;     3)  to  devour;     4)  pet  monster; 

5)  Minos;  6)  sacrifice. 

b  Ariadne,  the  King^s  daughter,  conducted  Theseus  to  the  labyrinth. 
1)  plight;   2)  midnight;   3)  to  unbar;  4)  torch;   5)  labyrinth. 

c  Theseus  heard  a  fierce  roar  that  somewhat  resembled  a  human  voice. 
1)  lowing;   2)  bull;   3)  articulation;  4)  creature;   5)  harsh. 

d  On  seeing  the  monster,  Theseus  shuddered,  while  at  the  same  time  he 
pitied  him. 
1)  to  hesitate;    2)  hideous;    3)  ugly;    4)  horned;    5)  preposterously; 

6)  to  waddle;   7)  detestable;  8)  to  stride;  9)  to  emit. 

e  After  a  fierce  conflict  Theseus  slew  the  huge  monster. 

1)  headlong;  2)  a  hair's  breadth;  3)  to  bellow;  4)  to  smart;  5)  ridicu- 
lous; 6)  precisely;  7)  to  graze;  8)  caper;  9)  to  snap  off- 

f  So  Athens  was  free. 
1)  tribute;  2)  brave. 


199.— LITERARY  POACHERS 

a  I  dreamt  of  a  ragged  throng  that  were  robing  themselves  piecemeal 
with  varied  books  which  changed  to  clothes  as  soon  as  they  were 
seized. 
1)  rambling  fancy;  2)  doze;  3)   sage;  4)  threadbare;  5)  garment; 
6)  antique;  7)  to  equip;  8)  to  deck  oneself  out;  9)  finery. 

b  Several,  whom  I  observed,  succeeded  very  ill  in  making  themselves 
appear  wise  or  elegant  by  decking  themselves  out  in  these  bor- 
rowed garments. 
1)  to  ogle;  2)  polemical;  3)  to  purloin;  4)  trappings;  5)  flimsy;  6)  illu- 


264  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

minated   manuscript;     7)    spoils;     8)    tract;     9)    philosophy; 
10)  lamentable;   11)  parchment, 

c  Some  only  took  a  gem,  or  studied  an  old  costume  to  catch  its  style. 
1)  to  help  oneself  to;  2)  to  sparkle;  3)  ornament;  4)  to  eclipse;  5)  to 
array;  6)  patchwork. 

d  The  portraits  of  the  old  authors  suddenly  came  to  Hfe,  and  demanded 
their  stolen  property,  whereupon  a  great  hubbub  ensued. 
1)  masquerade;  2)  canvas;  3)  motley;  4)  to  rifle;  5)  to  scamper;  6)  to 
baflle   description;    7)    culprit;    8)    devastation;    9)    compiler; 
10)  affright;  11)  raiment;  12)  pursy. 

e  At  the  ludicrous  sight  I  burst  into  laughter,  and  awoke. 

1)  catastrophe;  2)  immoderate;  3)  illusion;  4)  scuffle;  5)  to  resume. 

200.^THE  POUND  OF  FLESH 

a  Shy  lock  was  a  usurer  of  Venice;  Antonio  was  a  young  merchant 
whose  dearest  friend  was  Bassanio. 
1)  to  amass;  2)  to  lend;  3)  interest. 

b  Bassanio,  wishing  to  marry  the  noble  Portia,  asked  Antonio  for  three 
thousand  ducats. 
1)  poor;  2)  heiress;  3)  to  furnish;  4)  befitting. 

c  Antonio  borrowed  the  money  from  Shylock  on  the  credit  of  ships 
which  were  soon  to  arrive. 
1)  laden;  2)  to  expect;  3)  merchandise. 

d  (C)  Shylock,  before  lending,  demanded  a  bond  that  Antonio  should 
forfeit  a  pound  of  his  flesh  if  he  could  not  repay  the  money  when 
due. 
1)  to  catch  him  on  the  hip;  2)  grudge;  3)  to  hate;  4)  want;  5)  lawyer. 

e  (C)  As  Antonio  was  unable  to  pay  at  the  appointed  time,  he  asked 
Bassanio  to  visit  liim  before  he  should  die;  and  Portia  promised  to 
pay  the  sum  twenty  times  over. 
1)  to  forfeit;  2)  gold;  3)  kind  friend;  4)  fault. 

f  The  Jew  refused  the  money. 
1)  payment;  2)  cruel;  3)  to  insist;  4)  to  shock;  5)*T)uke;  6)  suspense. 

g  Portia  proceeded  to  the  trial  with  her  maid  Nerissa. 
1)  apparel;  2)  robes;  3)  counselor;  4)  to  arrive. 


FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH  265 

h  Portia  received  permission  to  plead  the  cause. 

1)  Bellario;  2)  to  recommend;  3)  Balthasar;  4)  to  grant. 

i  She  allowed  the  Jew  his  forfeit,  but  pleaded  for  mercy. 
1)  to  address  oneself  to;  2)  Venetian  law;  3)  quality;  4)  unfeeling. 

j  (C)  On  the  Jew^s  repeated  refusal  of  the  money,  Portia  bade  the  Jew 
make  ready. 
1)  judgment;  2)  scales;  3)  to  sharpen;  4)  knife;  5)  eagerly;  6)  Daniel. 

k  (C)  Portia  forbade  the  Jew  to  shed  a  drop  of  Antonio's  blood. 

1)  to  tarry;  2)  expressly;  3)  to  shed;  4)  to  confiscate;  5)  discovery; 
6)  plaudit;  7)  upright. 


APPENDIX 

SYNTAX 

SYNTAX  is  that  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the  rela- 
tion of  words  in  a  sentence. 

RULES: 

1.  Articles  relate  to  the  nouns  which  they  hmit. 

Note:  When  adjectives  are  connected,  and  modify  things 
individually  different,  though  of  the  same  name, 
the  article  should  be  repeated  before  the  second 
and  subsequent  adjectives;  if  the  connected 
adjectives  refer  to  the  same  thing,  the  article 
should  not  be  repeated, — e.  g.  "A  black  and  a 
white  cat"  is  said  of  two  cats,  '^A  black  and 
white  cat"  is  said  of  one  cat. 

2.  Adjectives  relate  to  nouns  and  pronouns. 

Notes:  a)  Adjectives  which  have  a  singular  and  plural 
form  must  agree  with  their  nouns  in 
number. 

b)  The    reciprocal    expression    "one    another" 

should  not  be  applied  to  two  objects,  nor 
should  the  expression  "each  other"  be  ap- 
plied to  more  than  two  objects. 

c)  The  comparative  degree  can  only  be  used  in 

reference  to  two  objects  or  classes  of  ob- 
jects; the  superlative  degree  compare  ^  one 
or  more  things  with  all  others  oi  tiie  samo 
class. 

267 


268  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

d)  When  the  comparative  degree  is  employed, 

the  latter  term  of  comparison  should  never 
include  the  former;  when  the  superlative 
degree  is  employed,  the  latter  term  should 
never  exclude  the  former. 

e)  The  pronoun  ^Hhem'^  should  never  be  used  as 

an  adjective  instead  of  'Hhose^\ 

f)  The  adjectives  ^ ^either''  and  '* neither^'  relate 

to  two  things  only;  when  more  are  referred 
to,  "any^'  and  ^^none^^  should  be  used. 

3.  Adverbs  relate  to  verbs,  participles,  adjectives,  or  other 
adverbs. 

Notes:  a)  Adverbs  should  not  be  used  as  adjectives;  nor 
should  they  be  employed  when  quality  is 
expressed,  and  not  manner, 
b)  A  negation  in  English  admits  but  one  nega- 
tive word. 

4.  Participles  relate  to  nouns  or  pronouns.  Frequently, 
too,  they  are  governed  by  prepositions  after  the  manner ,  of 
nouns,  and  in  this  case  are  called  Gerunds. 

Notes:  a)  Active  participles  govern  the  objective  case, 
just  as  the  verbs  from  which  they  are  de- 
rived; the  preposition  ^*of ,  therefore, 
should  not  be  used  after  the  participle 
unless  the  verb  from  which  the  participle 
is  derived  requires  such  preposition.  When 
the  transitive  participle  becomes  a  verbal 
noun,  '^of'^  should  be  used  to  govern  the 
object  following  the  verbal  noun. 
b)  The  preterite  of  irregular  verbs  should  not  be 
used  for  the  perfect  participle. 

5.  Prepositions  show  the  relation  of  things,  and  govern  the 
noun  or  pronoun  following  them. 


APPENDIX  269 

6.  A  Noun  or  Pronoun  answering  the  question  "  vViio'   or 
"Whaf  before  a  verb  is  put  in  the  Nominative  Case. 

7.  Intransitive,  Neuter,  and  Passive  Verbs  take  the  same 
case  after  them  as  before  them. 

8.  A  Noun  or  Pronoun  used  to  explain  a  preceding  noun  or 
pronoun  is  put  by  apposition  in  the  same  case. 

9.  A  Finite  Verb  must  agree  with  its  subject  in  person  and 
number. 

Notes:  a)  When  the  subject  is  a  collective  noun  convey- 
ing the  idea  of  plurality,  the  verb  must  be 
plural;  if  the  collective  noun  conveys  the 
idea  of  unity,  the  verb  must  be  singular. 

b)  When  a  verb  has  two  or  more  subjects  con- 
'    nected  by  a  copulative  conjunction,  it  must 

be  plural. 

Exceptions.— a)  If  one  of  the  connected 
subjects  is  affirmative,  and  the  other  nega- 
tive, the  verb  must  agree  with  the  affirmative 
subject,  and  be  understood  with  the  other. 

P)  When  the  subjects  are  connected  by 
"as  well  as'\  ''but^^,  or  "save''  (unless  one 
of  them  is  negative),  the  verb  (and  pronoun) 
must  agree  with  the  former,  and  must  be 
understood  with  the  latter. 

y)  When  two  or  more  subjects  are  pre- 
ceded by  the  adjectives  "each",  "every'', 
or  "no",  the  verb  must  be  singular. 

c)  Two  or  more  singular  nouns  connected  by 

"  or  "  or  "  nor"  require  a  verb  in  the  singular 

number. 
Note:  When  the  subjects  are  of  different  persons,  the 
verb  must  agree  with  the  subject  placed  nearest 
to  it,  and  be  understood  with  the  other  subjects 


270  FUNDAMENTAL    ENGLISH 

in  the  person  and  number  required.  But  if 
different  forms  of  the  verb  are  required,  it  is 
better  to  express  the  verb,  or  its  auxiliary,  with 
each  of  the  subjects. 

10.  Verbs  connected  by  a  Conjunction,  or  by  Conjunctions, 
must  either  agree  in  mood,  tense,  and  form,  or  have  separate 
subjects  expressed. 

11.  Transitive  Verbs  and  their  present  and  past  participles 
(active)  govern  the  objective  case. 

12.  A  Pronoun  must  agree  with  its  antecedent,  and  with 
the  noun  or  pronoun  which  it  represents,  in  person,  number, 
and  gender. 

Notes:  a)  "As''  is  sometimes  a  relative  pronoun. 

b)  The  relative  "who"  is  applied  only  to  persons 

and  to  animals  personified;  and  "which", 
to  brute  animals  and  inanimate  things. 

c)  Nouns  of  multitude,  unless  they  express  per- 

sons as  such,  should  not  be  represented  by 
the  pronoun  "who". 

d)  The  relative  "that"  may  be  applied  to  per- 

sons or  to  things.  In  some  cases  it  is 
preferable  to  use  "  that "  rather  than  "  who  " 
or  "which".* 

13.  When  a  Collective  Antecedent  conveys  the  idea  of 


*  Some  of  these  cases  are: 

1)  After  an  adjective  in  the  superlative  degree,  e.  g.  "  Napoleon  was 

the  greatest  leader  that  the  modern  world  has  seen"; 

2)  After  the  adjective  "same",  e.  g.  "This  is  the  same  horse  that  I 

had  yesterday"; 
-3)  After  the  antecedent  "  who  " ; 

4)  After  antecedents  which  are  expressed  without  limitation; 

5)  After  an  antecedent  introduced  by  the  expletive  "it",  e.  g.  "It 

was  Csesar  that  crossed  over  into  Britain  ". 


APPENDIX  271 

plurality,  the  pronoun  must  be  plural;  when  the  antecedent 
conveys  the  idea  of  unity,  the  pronoun  must  be  singular. 

14.  When  there  are  Two  or  More  Antecedents,  the  pronoun 
must  be  in  the  plural  number. 

Notes:  a)  When  the  antecedents  are  of  different  persons, 
the  first  person  is  preferred  to  the  second, 
and  the  second  to  the  third. 

b)  The  gender  of  the  pronoun,  except  in  the 

third  person  singular,  is  distinguished  only 
by  its  antecedent.  If  the  antecedents  are 
of  different  genders,  the  masculine  gender 
is  preferred  to  the  feminine,  and  feminine 
to  the  neuter. 

c)  When  a  pronoun  has  two  or  more  singular 

antecedents  connected  by  '^or^'  or  ''nor'', 
it  must  be  in  the  singular  number. 

15.  A  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  Possessive  Case  is  governed 
in  the  possessive  by  the  name  of  the  thing  possessed. 

Notes:  a)  When  nouns  in  the  possessive  case  are  con- 
nected, the  sign  of  possession  must  always 
be  annexed  to  that  noun,  and  to  that  noun 
only,  which  immediately  precedes  the  gov- 
erning noun,  expressed  or  understood, 
b)  A  noun  governing  the  possessive  case  should 
not  be  made  plural  unless  the  sense  requires 
it. 

16.  Prepositions  govern  the  objective  case. 

17.  The  Preposition  TO  commonly  governs  the  Infinitive 
Mood,  and  connects  it  with  a  finite  verb,  or  some  other  part 
of  speech.  The  verbs ''bid'',  "dare",  "feel",  "hear",  "let", 
"make",  "need",  "see",  "please",  are  followed  by  the 
infinitive  without  "to". 

18.  The  Subjunctive  Present  is  used  to  express  a  fact  which 


272  FUNDAMENTAL   ENGLISH 

may  be,  and  which  it  is  Hkely  will  be:  the  Subjunctive 
Imperfect  is  used  to  express  a  fact  as  a  mere  possibility, 
which  may  take  place  in  some  indefinite  time.  It  must  be 
remembered,  however,  that  anything  assumed  as  a  fact,  even 
though  it  be  expressed  conditionally,  requires  the  Indicative 
Mood. 

19.  A  Noun  or  Pronoun  is  put  in  the  Nominative  when  its 
'  case  depends  on  no  other  word. 

20.  When  Two  Terms  connected  by  a  Conjunction  refer 
jointly  to  a  third,  they  must  be  adapted  to  it,  and  to  each 
other,  both  in  form  and  in  significance. 


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